爱华网国际贸易与融资领域金融欺诈的信号和语义
在国际贸易与融资领域 ，机会与损失几乎是相等的；能够较早地识别金融欺诈，对于避免卷入诈骗案件而遭受惩罚和减少损失无疑就是最关键的了。本文根据研究提出如下金融欺诈惯用的词语供有关人士参考。
一、风险警告信号：
金额大的惊人
LARGE AMOUNTS THAT DROP OUT OF THESKY
交易结构
DEAL STRUCTURE
两个或两个以上的中间人
2 or more middlemen
可转让交易内的履约保证书等过于复杂的交易
overly complex deals transferable with performance bond tie-in
有条件转让账户/代理人账户
escrow acts/nominal acts
低风险或无风险却太高回报TOO HIGH A RETURN WITH LOW OR NO RISK
非客户或最近开了一个“代理人账户”且为一般公司名称NON-CUSTOMER , GENERIC COMPANY NAME
or customer who recently opened a “nominal account”
行为异常ACTIONS
传真或快递单据fax or courier copies of docs
无联系电话no call-back number
时间紧迫的生意rush deal
允诺日后更多的业务promise of more business
很晚来电call late in the day
提供名单NAME DROPPING
高级银行经理Senior bank managers
政府官员Politicians
十分熟悉的客户Well-known bank customers
使用主要用词或常用术语KEY PHRASES/ BUZZ WORDS
二、重要用词或常用术语
KEY PHRASES / BUZZ
“现金”电汇
银行日常用电汇付款。但是，用“现金”措辞在此时不适当而会显示一个潜在的问题
“CASH” Wire transfer
Bank wire transfer payments routinely. However, use of the word "cash" is inappropriate in this context and could be an indication of a potential problem
成本加运费至世界任何安全港口
是一个普遍地与商品诈骗有关链的船运术语。成本应根据目的地港口而有所不同，因为是卖方付船费的。
C&FASWP
Cost and Freight Any Safe World Port. This is a ship term commonly associated with commodity fraud. The cost should be different based on the port of destination, as the seller is paying the freight.
轻度的支持信件：有客户给银行对交易的正式化的信件
COMFORT LETTER：Letter from a client to banker formalizing a transaction .
“有条件的”国际金融机构电信协会付款
SWIFT是一种用于银行间资金转移的有效而无条件的方式。但是，此名次可悲建议为代替信用证的付款体系。“CONDITIONAL”A S.W.F.I.T. transfer is a valid and SWIFT PAYMENT non-conditional method of transferring funds between banks . However ,the term may be suggested as an alternative to Letter of Credit as the mechanism of payment
统一证券鉴别程序号码
它是在证券交易中的合法用词。它并不用信用证内
CUSIP NUMBER Committee on Uniform Security Identification Procedures. It is a legitimate term when used in securities transactions ; it is not used in Letter of Credit.
信用证贴现：
一个要贴现信用证（在少于面之下买卖）的要求。信用证是不可被贴现和买卖的。DISCOUNTING L/C
A request to discount a Letter of Credit (to buy or sell less than the face value).Letters of Credit are not discounted, bought or sold.
“一年、五年、或十年加一天到期”
国际商会3039/3034个式的普遍用词。它限制受益人在“一天”内提付。
DUE 1，5，10YEARS AND 1 DAY
A common term of ICC 3039/3034 format. It restricts a beneficiary drawdown to the “1 day”
外国银行通知 ：
被认为是银行开发的单据，当中银行保证/承担在受到呈示的默写文件后转移资金的责任。在接受它之前，须向开立银行询问单据的性质FOREING BANK ADVICE
Supposedly a document issued by a bank, in which the bank undertakes/guarantees to transfer funds upon presentation of certain papers mentioned in the document. Before accepting it, a document of this nature should be questioned with the issuing bank.
可用的、无问题的资金：
此暗示资金为非犯罪性（洗黑钱）。GOOD，CLEANFUNDS：This implies that funds are of a non-criminal origin. (Money Laundering).
国际商会本票：
被假设为国际商会曾发出不存在的义务。国际商会并没有公布或发出此类票据。ICC PROMISSORY
Non-existent obligations supposedly issued by the NOTES： International Chamberof Commerce （ICC）.The ICC does not publish or issue such notes.
国际商会3039/3034格式：
被假设为国际商会曾批准在开立信用证时需跟随的一种形式。国际商会没有公布此类格式。ICC3039/3034：
A fraudulent format supposedly approved by the ICC as the form that the Letter of Credit to be issued must follow. The ICC does not publish such formats.
国际存款凭证（ICD）：
它是一种银行发出的文件，说明资金已被转入该银行而自呈示它后，银行将付款。在接受前，须向发出银行询问此文件的性质。INTERNATIONAL CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSIT(ICD)：
This is a document resumed to be issued by a bank which states that funds have been deposited with that bank, and that the funds will be paid upon presentation. Before accepting them, documents of this nature should be questioned with the issuing bank.
不可撤消银行买入指令（IBPO)：
此购买指令被假设示以书面方式审核及被买方银行同意它是银行的一种财务上的承担。
IRREVOCABLE BANK PURCHASE ORDER ：
A purchase order supposedly verified in writing and attested to by the buyer’s bank as a financial commitment of the bank.
不可撤消公司/确认的购买（ICPO）：
它被假设为代替信用证的一种确认，用以令发出的企业承担购买商品的责任。
IRREVOCABLE CORPORATE/CONFIRMED PURCHASE
Supposedly an assurance ,used instead of a bank Letter of Credit，that binds the corporate issuer to purchase merchandise.
不可撤消信用证见票付清款项：
它是不可撤消、可分割、可指定、可转让、可分部分、可循环、保兑信用证见票付清款项。它包括信用证的所有定义，被有嫌疑的中间商或其他方要求有某些不在UCP方针指引内的性质。
IRREVOCABLE L/C
Called an Irrevocable, Divisible, Assignable, Transferable, Fractionable, Revolving, Confirmed Letter of Credit payable 100% at sight. This is a catch-all description of a Letter of Credit requesting certain features required by suspect middlemen and others that not defined under the Uniform Custom and Practice guidelines for L/Cs.
密押加押电传：
加押电传是银行间一种有效及鉴别真实性的方法。但是，明确的“密押加押电传”用词并不普遍，被十分有知识的商人使用因而可能显示有嫌疑的动机。KEY TESTED TELEX (KTY)：
Tested telex is a valid method of authenticated inter-bank communication. However, the expression is not commonly used by knowledgeable traders and may be an indication of suspect motives.
买卖信用证的市场：
信用证的买卖市场并不存在。提倡者承诺从贴现的买价及最后卖价中的差价得到大量利润。MARKET TO BUY OR SELL L/Cs (DISCOUNT L/C) ：
A non-existent market for trading or buying Letters of Credit at discounted prices .Promoters promise large profits from the spread between the discounted buy price and the final selling price.
中间商：
经纪人或中间商安排买卖方的交易。他/她可能是在诈骗勾当中的参与者或受害者。MIDDLEMEN： Broker or intermediary who arranges transactions between buyer and seller. He/she may be a participant or victim in a fraud attempt.
不逃避、不透露协议：
被以为是国际商会公布的协议，令卖方要求买方签署答应不外涉保密的资料。国际商会并未公布过此协议。NON-CIRCUMVENTION NON-DISCLOSURE AGREEMENT：
Agreement supposedly published by the ICC that a seller may request a buyer to sign promising not to disclose confidential sources of information. The ICC does not publish such agreements.
主要银行金融工具：
被认为是主要世界银行发出信用证或其他银行票据或正明的义务。并没有此类金融工具。PRIME BANK FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT:
Obligations such as L/Cs or other bank paper such as notes or certificates supposedly issued by a Prime World Bank. There is no such category of instruments.
世界主要银行：
一种“前50或100名”的国际银行被认为是发出主要世界银行的金融工具，用作贴现或担保。并没有此类定义的银行。PRIME WORLD BANK：
A “top 50 or 100” international bank supposedly the issuer of a prime bank instrument offered for discount or as collateral. There is no such defined category of banks.
资金证明：
买方要求银行去证实给卖方银行买方购买商品的财务能力，通常是通过加押电传及书面形式。银行并不发出此类信息。PROOF OF FUNDS：
A buyer requests that s his bank verify to the seller’s bank the buyer’s financial capability t pay for merchandise, usually via KTT or in writing. Banks do not send such messages.
产品证明：
卖方要求其银行证实给买方银行商品的存在，通常是通过加押电传及书面形式。银行并不发出此类信息。PROOF OF PRODUCT：
Seller requests his bank to verify the existence of merchandise to the buyer’s bank usually via KTT or in writing. Banks do not send such messages.
准备、愿意并能够（R，W&A)
有买方银行代其客户发出随时准备和 愿意发出保兑的正式承诺。银行不会发出此类信息。
READY, WILLING AND ABLE(R,W&A)
An official commitment from the buyer’s bank of their readiness and willingness to issue an undertaking on behalf of their client. Banks do not send such messages.
软性刺探：
有要求需要买方银行被书面查问买方是否有确定的财政来源因而被列为“合乎资格”。银行不会发出或答复此类的查询。SOFT PROBE：A request that the buyer’s bank be queried in writing to ascertain if the buyer has financial resources and is therefore “qualified”. Banks do not send or reply to such inquiries.
