现在完成时:
表示动作发生在过去 对现在造成了结果或产生了影响 不与确定的时间状语连用(注意 过去式是在某一段时间内完成 对现在结果没有影响)
过去完成时:
这个时间上表示过去的过去,因此句子中要先看到一个表示过去的动作或时间词才能用
用法:(1)在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句
(2)在过去发生的动作中 发生在先用过去完成时 发生在后 用一般过去式
(3)表示意向的动词,如hope,wish,expect,think,intend,mean,suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"
将来完成时:状态完成:表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态
动作完成:表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前,已经完成的动作或一获得的经验
什么时候使用过去式:
1:过去发生 而现在已经结束的动作要用过去式2:表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态或表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作3:过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为;过去主语所具备的能力和性格。
什么时候使用被动语态:--------------------------------
1. 不知道动作的执行者是谁,或没有必要指出动作的执行者时。如:
The glass is broken. 玻璃杯破了。
2. 为了强调或突出动作的承受者时。如:
The desk was made by Master Wang. 这张课桌是王师傅做的。
The bag was taken away by his sister. 那个口袋是她姐姐提走的。
3. 在上下文中,为了使句子间连接紧密时。如:
I have a new motorbike. It was given to me as a birthday present by my father. 我有辆新摩托车。它是父亲送给我作为生日礼物的。
4. 在新闻报道中,为了表明报道的客观性而避免主观性的透露时。如:
A car accident happened on the high way this morning. Three men were killed, the wounded were taken away to hospital at once and policemen were sent there to cope with the event. 今天早晨高速公路上发生了一起车祸,三人丧生,伤员马上被送往了医院,并马上派了警察去处理这一事件(fromwww.hxen.com)。
5. 在科技论文中,常使用被动语态来强调客观事实。如:
When it is cold enough, water will be turned into ice. 当天气足够冷时,水就会变成冰。
So far, the moon has been visited by earthmen several times. 到目前为止,地球人已经几次拜访了月亮。
12.4 不用被动语态的情况
1) 不及物动词或不及物动词短语,如appear, die disappear, end(vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie,remain, sit, spread, stand, break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence,lose heart, take place等没有无被动语态。例如:
After the fire, very little remained of my house. 大火过后,我家烧得所剩无几。
比较:rise, fall, happen是不及物动词;raise, seat是及物动词。
(错) The price has been risen.
(对) The price has risen.
(错) The accident was happened last week.
(对) The accident happened last week.
(错) The price has raised.
(对) The price has been raised.
(错) Please seat. (对) Please be seated.
要想正确地使用被动语态,就须注意哪些动词是及物的,哪些是不及物的。特别是一词多义的动词往往有两种用法。解决这一问题唯有在学习过程中多留意积累。
2) 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语,如fit, have, hold, marry,own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with,succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to等。例如:
This key just fits the lock. 这把钥匙只配这把锁。
Your story agrees with what had already been heard. 你说的与我们听说的一致。
3) 系动词无被动语态,如appear, be become, fall, feel,get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如:It sounds good. 听上去不错。
4) 带同源宾语的及物动词如die/death, dream/dream, live/life等,以及反身代词,相互代词,不能用于被动语态。例如:
She dreamed a bad dream last night. 她昨晚做了个恶梦。
5) 当宾语是不定式时,很少用于被动语态。例如:
(对) She likes to swim. (错) To swim is liked by her.
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