爱华网郭老师讲语法——宾语从句
在之前对简单句的学习中，我们了解了“主谓宾”这种结构。先来回顾一下，比如“他打我”这个中文句子，这句话应该很好理解，“他”是主语，是整句话中陈述的对象（往往由代词或名词来担当）；“打”是谓语，是主语所做的动作；“我”是宾语，用在谓语动词的后面。那么，把这句话翻译成英语怎么说？_____________________来分析一下吧！句中的________是主语，________是动词，作谓语，而_______是动作的对象（或者说是行为的承受者），是宾语。
那么，什么是从句呢？还是先从简单句来理解。简单句表示句子中只包含一个主谓宾。从句就是一句话当中包含两个句子，也就是两个主谓宾。宾语从句在复合句中起宾语作用，是中考重要考点之一。对于宾语从句的考查，常是关于宾语从句的引导词（连接词）、时态和语序。简析如下：
概述 | 考试要点 | 简 要 分 析 |
宾语从句 | 从句中的语序 | 陈述句语序 |
连接词的用法 | 由that引导 | |
由whether, if引导 | ||
由what，who，whose，which引导 | ||
由where，when，why，how引导 | ||
否定前移 | 主语是第一人称，谓语动词是think，believe时 | |
从句的简化 | 复合句变为简单句 | |
从句中的时态 | 主句是现在时，从句时态根据实际情况而定 | |
主句是过去时，从句用过去的对应的某种时态 | ||
从句表示客观事实或真理，用一般现在时 |
考点一：宾语从句的时态和语序
1、宾语从句的时态
（1）如果从句是现在的某种时态（包括一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时），那么，宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如：
①“Iknow my parents care about me,” he says.他说：“我知道我父母关心我。”
②Now inChina, he has found that his family ____________ a tall tree withlong roots.
现在在中国，他已经发现他的家庭就像长有很长树根的一棵大树。
③I amwriting to say that I am against ____________ (build) a new zoo inour town.
我写信要说的是我反对在我们的镇上建一个新的动物园。
④Iremember that he _______________________(给了我一本书)yesterday.
⑤He hastold me that he’ll leave for New York tomorrow.
他已告诉我明天他要____________纽约了。
（2）如果主句是过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时），爸妈宾语从句要用过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时、过去完成时）。如：
①In1991, Hepburn discovered that she had cancer.1991年，赫本发现她得了癌症。
②Did youknow that tea, the most popular drink in the world (after tea), wasinvented by accident? 你知道茶，这个世界上最大众化的饮料(仅次于水)，是__________被发明的吗？
③When Ifirst ate in a western restaurant, I didn’t know what I wassupposed to do.
我第一次在西餐厅吃饭时，都不知道_____________________。
④He toldme that he __________ (will) take part in the highjump.
⑤Sheasked me if I _______________ (已经拿了)her soap.
（3）如果宾语从句表示的是客观事实或真理，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时。如：
He toldme that the earth ________ (go) around the sun.
Didn’tyour teacher tell you the moon ________ (be) smaller than thesun?
2、宾语从句的语序
宾语从句要用陈述句语序。在把两个独立的句子连成一个含有宾语从句的复合句时，要特别注意从句的语序，即按照主语、谓语的顺序。但要注意，当连接词在从句中作主语时，原问句的语序不变。如：
① Where is Tom from? Do you know?→Do you know whereTom is from?
② Who made you angry? Can you tell me?→Can you tell me whomade you angry?
③“What is thematter with Tom?” Mary asked me.
→Mary asked me whatwas the matter with Tom.
【真题链接】
1. (2013滨州)—Hi,Bruce. Here is a letter for you.
—Thanks. Iwonder ________.
A. who the letter wasfromB. who was from the letter
C. who was the letterfromD. who from the letter was
2. (2013丽水)—I’m going to buy acar. Any advice, Charlie?
—Well, it depends on________. If money isn’t the problem, you can buy aBMW.
A. when you will buyoneB. how much you can afford
C. what colour youlikeD. where you are driving
3. (2013北京)—Can you tell me________ the prize, Tom?
—Lastyear.
A. when yougotB. when did you get
C. whenwill yougetD. when you will get
4. (2013芜湖)—Couldyou tell me ________?
—Youcan take No. 16 bus.
A.how can we get to the OlympicPark B. how we can get to theOlympic Park
C. how did we get to theOlympicParkD. how we got to the Olympic Park
考点二：宾语从句的引导词(连接词)
引导词 | 引导词的作用 | 例句 |
that | 本身无意义，只起连接作用，口语中可省略 | He said (that) his sister was good at cooking. |
what，which，who， whose，whom等 | 在从句中作一定的成分，如主语、宾语、定语等 | I don’t know what you are going to do. Jerry asked me whose schoolbag it was. |
when (表时间)， where (表地点)， why (表原因)， how (表方式) 等连接副词 | 在从句中作状语 | Could you tell me where you went last Friday? Do you know how we can find his new home? I wonder why he won’t come here tomorrow. |
if /whether | 意为“是否”，不作句子成分，但不能省略 | He asked me if / whether Leo was a lawyer. I wonder whether he likes maths or not. |
1、当宾语从句是陈述句时，用that引导。如：
Eventhe teacher agreed that Martin was ____________ histime.
甚至老师也认同马丁在浪费时间。
【友情提示】引导词that用于下列情况时不可省略：
①当宾语从句的主语是that时。如：Hesays that that is a useful book.
②当从句前有插入语时。如：Itsays, on a card, that it is made inItaly.
③当宾语从句中含有主从复合句时。如：
Our teachers believethat if we did that, we would concentrate more on ourclothes than our studies. 我们的老师认为如果我们那样做的话，我们会把更多的精力放在衣服上而不是学习上。
④当两个或多个宾语从句由并列连词连接时，除第一个从句中的that可以省略外，其余从句中的that都不可以省略。如：
He said (that) the filmwas very interesting and that he enjoyed seeing itvery much.
他说这部电影非常有趣，并且他非常喜欢看。
2、含疑问语气的句子构成宾语从句时用whether或if连接，句尾的标点符号取决于主句。如：
①Do youlike watching TV? He asked me.
→Heasked me if / whether ______________ watching TV.
②I don’t _________if it’s something I don’t need. 我不介意它是否是我不需要的东西。
【友情提示】何时只用whether而不用if？
①直接与ornot连用时，用whether，不用if。例如：
Ididn’t say whether or not he’ll be_____________________. 我没说她是否呆在家里。
Can youtell me whether the train has left or not?你能否告诉我火车是不是已经开了?
②所引导的从句作介词宾语时，用whether，不用if。例如：
I worryabout whether I hurt her feelings. 我担心是否伤了她的感情。
Ihaven’t settled the question of whether I’ll__________________. 我是否回家还没定。
③引导宾语从句，从句置于句首表示强调时，用whether，不用if。例如：
Whether this istrue (or not), I can’t tell. 这是不是真的，我不能_________。
Whetherit is a defect or not，I don’t quiteknow. 这是不是个错误，我不知道。
④和动词不定式连用时，用whether，不用if。例如：
I don’tknow whether to __________ or __________.我不知道是接受还是拒绝。
I don’tknow whether to see my doctor today. 我不知道今天是否去看医生。
⑤引导主语从句时，从句位于句首用whether，不用if。例如：
Whethershe comes or not doesn’t concern me. 还是不来与我无关。
Whethershe likes the present is not clear to me.她是否喜欢那件礼物我____________。
=It is not clear to me whether/if she likes thepresent.
(但用it作形式主语，将主语从句置于后面时，whether和if可以换用。)
⑥引导表语从句时，用whether，不用if。例如：
Hisfirst question was whether Holmes ________________yet.
它的第一个问题是福尔摩斯是否已经到了。
My mainproblem right now is whether I should ask for anotherloan.
目前我的主要问题是我是否应当要求别的贷款。
⑦引导让步状语从句，作“不管”解时，用whether，不用if。例如：
I’llstart tomorrow, whether he asks me or not.不管他要不要我去，反正我明天就动身。
Whetheryou like it or not, you’ll ____________ (must / have to) doit.
不管你愿不愿意，你都得做这件事。
⑧在容易造成歧义的情况下，如表达“是否”的意思时，最好用whether，避免用if。如：
Let me know whetheryou are coming. 你来还是不来，通知我一声。
如用if，则有两层意思。如：Letme know if you are coming. 可理解为：你来还是不
来，通知我一声。也可理解为：你如果来的话，通知我一声。前者是宾语从句，后者则是条件状语从句。
⑨在discuss后面只能跟whether引导的宾语从句。如：
Wediscussed whether we should close the .
A. can I join in thegroup-buyingB. did I join in the group-buying
C. I can join in thegroup-buyingD. I joined in the group-buying
6. (2013连云港)—Excuseme. Can you tell me ________?
—Atabout 8 o’clock, sir.
A. whattime the plane will reachBeijing
B. whattime will the plane arrive in Beijing
C. whattime the plane will arrive Beijing
D. whattime will the plane get to Beijing
7. People in Yancheng are proud of ________ theyhave achieved in the past thirty years.
A.howB.whichC.whatD. when
8. Hesaid ________he would come back in a week.
A. whenB. whatC. thatD. why
9. Doyou know ________ I saw yesterday? It was my favorite star,Jackie!
A.whomB.whenC.whereD. how
10. There are no words to describe ________ I miss myhometown.
A. howmuchB. howmanyC. howsoonD. how long
宾语从句专项练习
参考答案
1-5AAACC6-10 ACCAA
