高考名词性从句讲解与练习题
在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫做名词性从句。它包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是中学阶段的一个重要语法项目,在历年的高考中几乎都涉及到,并且每年的命题各有变化。分析历届高考试题名词性从句考查的焦点主要有以下六个方面
1.考查名词性从句的语序问题2.考查引导词that与what的区别(that在从句中不充当成分,what在从句中作主语、宾语或表语)
3.考查it在名词性从句中作形式主语或形式宾语的用法4. 考查whether与if的区别
5. 考查名词性从句中的疑问词+ever引导的名词性从句与nomatter+疑问词引导的状语从句的区别6. 考查名词性从句的虚拟语气问题
语法要点剖析一、名词性从句
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句,在整个句子中所起的作用,相当于一个名词。因此,这四种从句通称为名词性从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 连接词:that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分)
连接代词:what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose,which.
连接副词:when, where, how, why
1. 主语从句
作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
It is known to us how he became a writer.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet beenannounced.
英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
(1)It + be + 名词 +that从句(2)It + be + 形容词 +that从句(3)It + be + 动词的过去分词+that从句(4)It + 不及物动词 + that从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.)that…
2.宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while othersare good in nothing.
我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, demand,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+动词原形”。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone.我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what,when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever,whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
例如: I want toknow what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support.凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
3.用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句、同位语从句时;c. 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“ornot”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。
例如:Whether there is life on the moon is an interestingquestion.
月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
Everything depends on whether we have enoughmoney. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
4.注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用不同时态。
例如: he studiesEnglish every day. (从句用一般现在时)
he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)
当主句动词是过去时态(could,would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。
例如:The teacher told us thatTom had left us for America.
5. think, believe, imagine,suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。
例如: We don’tthink you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
3. 表语从句
在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用asif引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如:
The fact is that we have lost the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by oneminute this morning
4. 同位语从句
同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word(消息)等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别:
that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略;that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略)
Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancientGreece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略)
2009名词性从句高考题
1.(09全国2) Couldn’t I speak to _____ is incharger of International Sales please ?
A.whoB.whatC.whoeverD.whatever
2(北京)At first he hated thenew job but decided to give himself a few months to see _____it gotany better.
A.whenB.howC.whyD .if
3(09湖南)She is very dear tous. We have been prepared to do _____it takes to save herlife.
A.whicheverB.howeverC.whateverD.whoever
4(09陕西)The how-to book can be of help to______wants to do the job.
A.whoB.whomeverC.no matterwhoD.whoever
5(09重庆)We should considerthe students’ request ______the school library provide more bookson popular science.
A.thatB.whenC.whichD.where
6(09安徽)A good friend ofmine from _____I was born showed up at my home right before I leftfor Beijing.
A.howB.whomC.whenD.which
7(09天津)It is obvious to the students______they should get well prepared for their future.
A.asB.whichC.whetherD.that
8(09江苏)Many young people inth West are expected to leave _____could be life’s most importantdecision ----marriage ----almost entirely up to luck.
A.asB.thatC.whichD.what
9(_09浙江)-----Is there any possibility_____you could pick me up at the airport?
-----No problem.
A.whenB.thatC.whetherD.what
10(09四川)News came from the school office_____Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.
A.whichB.whatC.thatD.where
11(09四川)----I wonder ______you’ll waterthis kind of flower.
-----Every other day.
A.howoftenB.howlongC.howsoonD.how much
12(09江西)The fact hasworried many scientists______the earth is becoming warmer andwarmer these years.
A.whatB.whichC.thatD.though
13.(上海) It is not immediately clear_____the financial crisis will soon be over.
A.sinceB.whatC.whenD.whether
14.(上海)As a new diplomat,he often thinks of _____ he can react more appropriately on suchoccasions.
A.whatB.whichC.thatD.how
15.(江西) The fact has worriedmany scientists _____ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer theseyears.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.thoug
16. (91) Noone will be sure ____ in a million years.
A. what man will looklike B. what will man looklike
C.man will looklikeD.whatlook will man like
17.(99) ---- I drove to Zhuhaifor the air show last week.
---- Is that _____ you had a few daysoff?
A.WhyB.WhenC.WhatD. Where
18.(00) The suit fitted him well____ the colour was a little brighter.
A. exceptforB. exceptthatC. except when D.besides
19.(04 Ⅰ)You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is _____ Idisagree.
A.whyB.whereC.whatD. how
20.(05Ⅰ) Marywrote an article on _____ the team had failed to win the game.
A.whyB.whatC.thatD.what
21.(05Ⅱ) The pooryoung man is ready to accept _____ help he can get.
A.whichever B.howeverC.whateverD. whenever
22.(06Ⅰ) See theflags on top of the building ? That was _____ we did this morning.
A.whenB.whichC.whereD. what
23.(06Ⅱ) --- Whatdid your parents think about your decision?
----- They always let me do _____ Ithink I should .
A.whenB.thatC.howD. what
24.(07Ⅱ) _____matters most in learning English is enough practice.
A.WhatB.WhyC.WhereD. Which
25.(09Ⅰ) Could Ispeak to _____ is in charge of International Salesplease?
A.whoB.whatC.whoeverD. whatever
答案:
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