爱华网2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及参考答案
Section IUse of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWERSHEET 1. (10 points)
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughteras “a bodily exercise precious to health.” But__1___someclaims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence onphysical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in thefunction of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate andoxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__,a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say,walking or jogging does.
__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them,as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__,studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after thelaugh dies down.
Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__theeffects of psychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughingprobably does produce other types of ___10___ feedback, thatimprove an individual’s emotional state. __11____one classicaltheory of emotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19thcentury that humans do not cry ___13___they are sad but they becomesad when the tears begin to flow.
Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidencesuggests that emotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In anexperiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack ofthe University of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ apen either with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile –or with their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression.Those forced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoonsthan did those whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___that expressions may influence emotions rather than just the otherway around __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improvemood.
1．[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like
2．[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce
3．[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining
4．[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe
5．[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable
6．[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]In brief
7．[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected
8．[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes
9．[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance
10．[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]internal
11．[A]Exceptfor [B]Accordingto [C]Dueto[D]As for
12．[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at
13．[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because
14．[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses
15．[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond
16．[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold
17．[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent
18．[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted
19．[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning [D]supposing
20．[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]Conversely
Section IIReading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questionsbelow each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hireAlan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of theclassical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of hisappointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has beenfavorable, to say the least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote AnthonyTommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic.
One of the reasons why the appointment came as sucha surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in theTimes, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air ofthe formidable conductor about him.” As a description of the nextmusic director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led bymusicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likelyto have struck at least some Times readers as faintpraise.
For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is agreat conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs animpressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is notnecessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, tohear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to myCD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recordedmusic from iTunes.
Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings areno substitute for live performance are missing the point. For thetime, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classicalinstrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dancetroupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recordedperformances of the great classical musicians of the20th century. There recordings are cheap, availableeverywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality thantoday’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at atime and place of the listener’s choosing. The widespreadavailability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis inthe institution of the traditional classical concert.
One possible response is for classical performers to programattractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’sown interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, aclassical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capableof turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, morevibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of thatdifference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not beenough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they mustfirst change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestraand the new audience it hops to attract.
21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointmenthas
[A]incurred criticism.
[B]raised suspicion.
[C]received acclaim.
[D]aroused curiosity.
22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist whois
[A]influential.
[B]modest.
[C]respectable.
[D]talented.
23. The author believes that the devotedconcertgoers
[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.
[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.
[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.
[D]overestimate the value of live performances.
24. According to the text, which of the followingis true of recordings?
[A]They are often inferior to live concerts inquality.
[B]They are easily accessible to the generalpublic.
[C]They help improve the quality of music.
[D]They have only covered masterpieces.
25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing thePhilharmonic, the author feels
[A]doubtful.
[B]enthusiastic.
[C]confident.
[D]puzzled.
Text 2
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank ofAmerica in August, his explanation was surprisingly straight up.Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he cameright out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running acompany.” Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,”McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the first timewith the board of Hartford Financial Services Group, which namedhim CEO and chairman on September 29.
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gavehim time to reflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. Italso sent a clear message to the outside world about hisaspirations. And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2executives at Avon and American Express quit with the explanationthat they were looking for a CEO post. As boards scrutinizesuccession plans in response to shareholder pressure, executiveswho don’t get the nod also may wish to move on. A turbulentbusiness environment also has senior managers cautious of lettingvague pronouncements cloud their reputations.
As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold,deputy chiefs may be more willing to make the jump without a net.In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago asnervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according toLiberum Research. As the economy picks up, opportunities willabound for aspiring leaders.
The decision to quit a senior position to look fora better one is unconventional. For years executives andheadhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEOcandidates are the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry seniorpartner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve donewhere a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOsfirst.”
Those whojumped without a job haven’t always landed in top positionsquickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age,saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she became headof a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstadleft Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. He finally tookthat post at a major financial institution three years later.
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading fortop performers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable tobe between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule wasit’s safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentallyinverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt theworst are those who’ve stayed too long.”
26.When McGee announced his departure, his mannercan best be described as being
[A]arrogant.
[B]frank.
[C]self-centered.
[D]impulsive.
27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’quitting may be spurred by
[A]their expectation of better financialstatus.
[B]their need to reflect on their private life.
[C]their strained relations with the boards.
[D]their pursuit of new career goals.
28.The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) mostprobably means
[A]approved of.
[B]attended to.
[C]hunted for.
[D]guarded against.
29. It can be inferred from the last paragraphthat
[A]top performers used to cling to their posts.
[B]loyalty of top performers is gettingout-dated.
[C]top performers care more about reputations.
[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditionalrules.
30. Which of the following is the best title forthe text?
[A]CEOs: Where to Go?
[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?
[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net
[D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers
Text 3
The rough guide to marketing success used to bethat you got what you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid”media – such as television commercials and print advertisements –still play a major role, companies today can exploit manyalternative forms of media. Consumers passionate about a productmay create “owned” media by sending e-mail alerts about productsand sales to customers registered with its Web site. The wayconsumers now approach the broad range of factors beyondconventional paid media.
Paid and owned media are controlled by marketerspromoting their own products. For earned media , such marketers actas the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, onemarketer’s owned media become another marketer’s paid media – forinstance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Website. We define such sold media as owned media whose traffic is sostrong that other organizations place their content or e-commerceengines within that environment. This trend ,which we believe isstill in its infancy, effectively began with retailers and travelproviders such as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further.Johnson & Johnson, for example, has createdBabyCenter, a stand-alone media property that promotescomplementary and even competitive products. Besides generatingincome, the presence of other marketers makes the site seemobjective, gives companies opportunities to learn valuableinformation about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and mayhelp expand user traffic for all companies concerned.
The same dramatic technological changes that haveprovided marketers with more (and more diverse) communicationschoices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers willvoice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much moredamaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earnedmedia: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers, otherstakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations about abrand or product. Members of social networks, for instance, arelearning that they can hijack media to apply pressure on thebusinesses that originally created them.
If that happens, passionate consumers would try topersuade others to boycott products, putting the reputation of thetarget company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response maynot be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve hasbeen steep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of thedamage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relativelyquick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, whichincluded efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such asTwitter and the social-news site Digg.
31.Consumers may create “earned” media when theyare
[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Websites.
[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent tothem.
[C] eager to help their friends promote qualityproducts.
[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favoriteproducts.
32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature
[A] a safe business environment.
[B] random competition.
[C] strong user traffic.
[D] flexibility in organization.
33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earnedmedia
[A] invite constant conflicts with passionateconsumers.
[B] can be used to produce negative effects inmarketing.
[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.
[D] deserve all the negative comments aboutthem.
34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as anexample of
[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.
[B] persuading customers into boycottingproducts.
[C] cooperating with supportive consumers.
[D] taking advantage of hijacked media.
35. Which of the following is the text mainly about?
[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.
[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.
[C] Dominance of hijacked media.
[D] Popularity of owned media.
Text 4
It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful,provocative magazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate MyLife,” is arousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking likethe suggestion that child rearing is anything less than acompletely fulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather thanconcluding that children make parents either happy or miserable,Senior suggests we need to redefine happiness: instead of thinkingof it as something that can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, weshould consider being happy as a past-tense condition. Even thoughthe day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushinglyhard, Senior writes that “the very things that in the moment dampenour moods can later be sources of intense gratification anddelight.”
The magazine cover showing an attractive motherholding a cute baby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image onnewsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive –and newly single – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual“Jennifer Aniston is pregnant” news. Practically every weekfeatures at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on thenewsstands.
In a society that so persistently celebratesprocreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret havingchildren is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing ? Itdoesn’t seem quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents tothe regrets of the children. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked towonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folksare bothered with the message that children are the single mostimportant thing in the world: obviously their misery must be adirect result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.
Of course, the image of parenthood that celebritymagazines like Us Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic,especially when the parents are single mothers like Bullock.According to several studies concluding that parents are less happythan childless couples, single parents are the least happy of all.No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kidwithout a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tellit, raising a kid on their “own” (read: with round-the-clock help)is a piece of cake.
It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumbenough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make itlook so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not ahaircut. But it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see everyweek of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in somesmall, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactionswith the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of ushoped getting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bitlike Jennifer Aniston.
36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article thatraising a child can bring
[A]temporary delight
[B]enjoyment in progress
[C]happiness in retrospect
[D]lasting reward
37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that
[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source forgossip.
[B]single mothers with babies deserve greaterattention.
[C]news about pregnant celebrities isentertaining.
[D]having children is highly valued by thepublic.
38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childlessfolks
[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.
[B]are largely ignored by the media.
[C]fail to fulfill their socialresponsibilities.
[D]are less likely to be satisfied with theirlife.
39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyedby celebrity magazines is
[A]soothing.
[B]ambiguous.
[C]compensatory.
[D]misleading.
40.Which of the following can be inferred from thelast paragraph?
[A]Having children contributes little to theglamour of celebrity moms.
[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitudetowards child rearing.
[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfactionwith life.
[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from childrearing.
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraph are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize theseparagraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G tofilling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and Ghave been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
[A] No disciplines have seized on professionalismwith as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menandpoints out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor infour. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in thehumanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of alldoctoral students in English drop out before getting theirdegrees.
[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities:Literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplinesthat are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates nowmajor in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% inEnglish. However, many leading American universities want theirundergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas thatevery educated person should posses. But most find it difficult toagree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard,Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have beenread”-they form a sort of social glue.
[C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end upwith professorships for which they entered graduate school. Thereare simply too few posts. This is partly because universitiescontinue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want tostudy humanities subjects: English departments awarded morebachelor’s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewerstudents requires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade oftheses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to dosomething for which they have not been trained.
[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teachsuch courses is that they can cut across the insistence by topAmerican universities that liberal-arts educations and professionaleducation should be kept separate, taught in different schools.Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half ofHarvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, futuredoctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degreebefore embarking on a professional qualification.
[E] Besides professionalizing the professions bythis separation, top American universities have professionalisedthe professor. The growth in public money for academic research hasspeeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between1960and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as researchtook its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of adoctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academiccareer: as late as 1969a third of American professors did notpossess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues MrMenand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particularspecialization are transmissible but not transferable.”Sodisciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production ofknowledge, but also over the production of the producers ofknowledge.
[F] The key to reforming higher education,concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers ofknowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to thinkdangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies whichthey study, investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at leastin some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and moreholistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.
[G] The subtle and intelligent little book TheMarketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the AmericanUniversity should be read by every student thinking of applyingto take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere.For something curious has been happening in American Universities,and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University,captured it skillfully.
G→41.→42. →E→43.→44. →45.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and thentranslate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translationshould be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,”creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the bookAs a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth explorationof the central idea of self-help writing.
(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumptionwe all share-that because we are not robots we therefore controlour thoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of usbelieve that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughtscan be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one wayand act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mindgenerates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while wemay be able to sustain the illusion of control through theconscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with aquestion: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”
Since desire and will are damaged by the presenceof thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ Wedo not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happensbecause you as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t“ get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind andmatter.
Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contentionthat “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48)This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and arationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at thetop and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to asubtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers aunique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determinedthe life and prospects of people, thenhumanitywould never haveprogressed.In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the bestin us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we areunlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life andits conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.
The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we haveno one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves.(50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing thateverything is up to us; where before we were experts in the arrayof limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.
2011年考研英语(一)
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for eachnumbered blank and mark A], B], C] or D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10points)
Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “abodily exercise precious to health.” But__1___someclaims to the contrary, laughing probably has little influence onphysical fitness Laughter does __2___short-term changes in thefunction of the heart and its blood vessels, ___3_ heart rate andoxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to __4__,a good laugh is unlikely to have __5___ benefits the way, say,walking or jogging does.
__6__, instead of straining muscles to build them, as exercisedoes, laughter apparently accomplishes the __7__, studies datingback to the 1930’s indicate that laughter__8___ muscles, decreasingmuscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies down.
Such bodily reaction might conceivably help _9__the effects ofpsychological stress. Anyway, the act of laughing probably doesproduce other types of ___10___ feedback, that improve anindividual’s emotional state. __11____one classical theory ofemotion, our feelings are partially rooted ____12___ physicalreactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humansdo not cry ___13___they are sad but they become sad when the tearsbegin to flow.
Although sadness also ____14___ tears, evidence suggests thatemotions can flow __15___ muscular responses. In an experimentpublished in 1988,social psychologist Fritz Strack of theUniversity of würzburg in Germany asked volunteers to __16___ a peneither with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile – orwith their lips, which would produce a(n) __17___ expression. Thoseforced to exercise their enthusiastically to funny catoons than didthose whose months were contracted in a frown, ____19___ thatexpressions may influence emotions rather than just the other wayaround __20__ , the physical act of laughter could improvemood.
1.A]among B]except C]despite D]like
2.A]reflect B]demand C]indicate D]produce
3.A]stabilizing B]boosting C]impairing D]determining
4.A]transmit B]sustain C]evaluate D]observe
5.A]measurable B]manageable C]affordable D]renewable
6.A]In turn B]In fact C]In addition D]In brief
7.A]opposite B]impossible C]average D]expected
8.A]hardens B]weakens C]tightens D]relaxes
9.A]aggravate B]generate C]moderate D]enhance
10.A]physical B]mental C]subconscious D]internal
11.A]Except for B]According to C]Due to D]As for
12.A]with B]on C]in D]at
13.A]unless B]until C]if D]because
14.A]exhausts B]follows C]precedes D]suppresses
15.A]into B]from C]towards D]beyond
16.A]fetch B]bite C]pick D]hold
17.A]disappointed B]excited C]joyful D]indifferent
18.A]adapted B]catered C]turned D]reacted
19.A]suggesting B]requiring C]mentioning D]supposing
20.A]Eventually B]Consequently C]Similarly D]Conversely
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below eachtext by choosing A], B], C] or D]. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbertas its next music director has been the talk of the classical-musicworld ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to saythe least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, asober-sided classical-music critic.
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise,however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. EvenTommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the Times,calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidableconductor about him.” As a description of the next music directorof an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like GustavMahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at leastsome Times readers as faint praise.
For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductoror even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive varietyof interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me tovisit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interestingorchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or bootup my computer and download still more recorded music fromiTunes.
Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitutefor live performance are missing the point. For the time,attention, and money of the art-loving public, classicalinstrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dancetroupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recordedperformances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very oftenmuch higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances;moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of thelistener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordingshas thus brought about a crisis in the institution of thetraditional classical concert.
One possible response is for classical performers to programattractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’sown interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, aclassical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capableof turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, morevibrant organization.” But what will be the nature of thatdifference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not beenough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they mustfirst change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestraand the new audience it hops to attract.
21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has
A]incurred criticism.
B]raised suspicion.
C]received acclaim.
D]aroused curiosity.
22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is
A]influential.
B]modest.
C]respectable.
D]talented.
23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers
A]ignore the expenses of live performances.
B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.
C]exaggerate the variety of live performances.
D]overestimate the value of live performances.
24. According to the text, which of the following is true ofrecordings?
A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.
B]They are easily accessible to the general public.
C]They help improve the quality of music.
D]They have only covered masterpieces.
25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic,the author feels
A]doubtful.
B]enthusiastic.
C]confident.
D]puzzled.
Text 2
When Liam McGee departed as president of Bank of America inAugust, his explanation was surprisingly straight up. Rather thancloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out andsaid he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.”Broadcasting his ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says.Within two weeks, he was talking for the first time with the boardof Hartford Financial Services Group, which named him CEO andchairman on September 29.
McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time toreflect on what kind of company he wanted to run. It also sent aclear message to the outside world about his aspirations. And McGeeisn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon andAmerican Express quit with the explanation that they were lookingfor a CEO post. As boards scrutinize succession plans in responseto shareholder pressure, executives who don’t get the nod also maywish to move on. A turbulent business environment also has seniormanagers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud theirreputations.
As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefsmay be more willing to make the jump without a net. In the thirdquarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as nervousboards stuck with the leaders they had, according to LiberumResearch. As the economy picks up, opportunities will abound foraspiring leaders.
The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better oneis unconventional. For years executives and headhunters haveadhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are theones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner DennisCarey:”I can’t think of a single search I’ve done where a board hasnot instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”
Those who jumped without a job haven’t always landed in toppositions quickly. Ellen Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decadeage, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year before she becamehead of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. RobertWillumstad left Citigroup in 2005 with ambitions to be a CEO. Hefinally took that post at a major financial institution three yearslater.
Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for topperformers. The financial crisis has made it more acceptable to bebetween jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’ssafer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentallyinverted,” says one headhunter. “The people who’ve been hurt theworst are those who’ve stayed too long.”
26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best bedescribed as being
A]arrogant.
B]frank.
C]self-centered.
D]impulsive.
27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may bespurred by
A]their expectation of better financial status.
B]their need to reflect on their private life.
C]their strained relations with the boards.
D]their pursuit of new career goals.
28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probablymeans
A]approved of.
B]attended to.
C]hunted for.
D]guarded against.
29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that
A]top performers used to cling to their posts.
B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.
C]top performers care more about reputations.
D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.
30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?
A]CEOs: Where to Go?
B]CEOs: All the Way Up?
C]Top Managers Jump without a Net
D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers
Text 3
The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you gotwhat you paid for. No longer. While traditional “paid” media – suchas television commercials and print advertisements – still play amajor role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms ofmedia. Consumers passionate about a product may create “owned”media by sending e-mail alerts about products and sales tocustomers registered with its Web site. The way consumers nowapproach the broad range of factors beyond conventional paidmedia.
Paid and owned media are controlled by marketers promoting theirown products. For earned media , such marketers act as theinitiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one marketer’sowned media become another marketer’s paid media – for instance,when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. Wedefine such sold media as owned media whose traffic is so strongthat other organizations place their content or e-commerce engineswithin that environment. This trend ,which we believe is still inits infancy, effectively began with retailers and travel providerssuch as airlines and hotels and will no doubt go further. Johnson& Johnson, for example, has created BabyCenter, astand-alone media property that promotes complementary and evencompetitive products. Besides generating income, the presence ofother marketers makes the site seem objective, gives companiesopportunities to learn valuable information about the appeal ofother companies’ marketing, and may help expand user traffic forall companies concerned.
The same dramatic technological changes that have providedmarketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices havealso increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice theiropinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways.Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media: an asset orcampaign becomes hostage to consumers, other stakeholders, oractivists who make negative allegations about a brand or product.Members of social networks, for instance, are learning that theycan hijack media to apply pressure on the businesses thatoriginally created them.
If that happens, passionate consumers would try to persuadeothers to boycott products, putting the reputation of the targetcompany at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may not besufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has beensteep. Toyota Motor, for example, alleviated some of the damagefrom its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively quickand well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, whichincluded efforts to engage with consumers directly on sites such asTwitter and the social-news site Digg.
31.Consumers may create “earned” media when they are
A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.
B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.
C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.
D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.
32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature
A] a safe business environment.
B] random competition.
C] strong user traffic.
D] flexibility in organization.
33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media
A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.
B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.
C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.
D] deserve all the negative comments about them.
34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of
A] responding effectively to hijacked media.
B] persuading customers into boycotting products.
C] cooperating with supportive consumers.
D] taking advantage of hijacked media.
35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?
A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.
B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.
C] Dominance of hijacked media.
D] Popularity of owned media.
Text 4
It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocativemagazine cover story, “I love My Children, I Hate My Life,” isarousing much chatter – nothing gets people talking like thesuggestion that child rearing is anything less than a completelyfulfilling, life-enriching experience. Rather than concluding thatchildren make parents either happy or miserable, Senior suggests weneed to redefine happiness: instead of thinking of it as somethingthat can be measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should considerbeing happy as a past-tense condition. Even though the day-to-dayexperience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Seniorwrites that “the very things that in the moment dampen our moodscan later be sources of intense gratification and delight.”
The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cutebaby is hardly the only Madonna-and-child image on newsstands thisweek. There are also stories about newly adoptive – and newlysingle – mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Anistonis pregnant” news. Practically every week features at least onecelebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands.
In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is itany wonder that admitting you regret having children is equivalentto admitting you support kitten-killing ? It doesn’t seem quitefair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of thechildren. Unhappy parents rarely are provoked to wonder if theyshouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are botheredwith the message that children are the single most important thingin the world: obviously their misery must be a direct result of thegaping baby-size holes in their lives.
Of course, the image of parenthood that celebrity magazines likeUs Weekly and People present is hugely unrealistic, especially whenthe parents are single mothers like Bullock. According to severalstudies concluding that parents are less happy than childlesscouples, single parents are the least happy of all. No shock there,considering how much work it is to raise a kid without a partner tolean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid ontheir “own” (read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece ofcake.
It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to wantchildren just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous:most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it’sinteresting to wonder if the images we see every week ofstress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small,subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with theactual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hopedgetting “ the Rachel” might make us look just a little bit likeJennifer Aniston.
36.Jennifer Senior suggests in her article that raising a childcan bring
Atemporary delight
B]enjoyment in progress
C]happiness in retrospect
D]lasting reward
37.We learn from Paragraph 2 that
A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.
B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.
C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.
D]having children is highly valued by the public.
38.It is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks
A]are constantly exposed to criticism.
B]are largely ignored by the media.
C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.
D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.
39.According to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebritymagazines is
A]soothing.
B]ambiguous.
C]compensatory.
D]misleading.
40.Which of the following can be inferred from the lastparagraph?
A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebritymoms.
B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards childrearing.
C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.
D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.
Part B
Directions:
The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. ForQuestions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphsinto a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling theminto the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctlyplaced. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
A] No disciplines have seized on professionalism with as muchenthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, becamea lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But theregular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities isnine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral studentsin English drop out before getting their degrees.
B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature,languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that aregoing out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major inbusiness compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English.However, many leading American universities want theirundergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas thatevery educated person should posses. But most find it difficult toagree on what a “general education” should look like. At Harvard,Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have beenread”-they form a sort of social glue.
C] Equally unsurprisingly, only about half end up withprofessorships for which they entered graduate school. There aresimply too few posts. This is partly because universities continueto produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to studyhumanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelor’sdegrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer studentsrequires fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade oftheses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to dosomething for which they have not been trained.
D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses isthat they can cut across the insistence by top Americanuniversities that liberal-arts educations and professionaleducation should be kept separate, taught in different schools.Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half ofHarvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, futuredoctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degreebefore embarking on a professional qualification.
E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation,top American universities have professionalised the professor. Thegrowth in public money for academic research has speeded theprocess: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960and1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took itstoll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoraldegree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: aslate as 1969a third of American professors did not possess one. Butthe key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr Menand, is that“the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specializationare transmissible but not transferable.”So disciplines acquire amonopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also overthe production of the producers of knowledge.
F] The key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand,is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge areproduced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerouslyalike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study,investigate and criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least in somefields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.”Yetquite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.
G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace ofIdeas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should beread by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoraldegree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curioushas been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, aprofessor of English at Harvard University, captured itskillfully.
G → 41. →42. → E →43. →44. →45.
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate theunderlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should bewritten carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)
With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating ourinner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinkingby James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the central idea ofself-help writing.
(46) Allen’s contribution was to take an assumption we allshare-that because we are not robots we therefore control ourthoughts-and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of usbelieve that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughtscan be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one wayand act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mindgenerates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while wemay be able to sustain the illusion of control through theconscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with aquestion: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”
Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughtsthat do not accord with desire, Allen concluded : “ We do notattract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens becauseyou as a person embody the external achievement; you don’t “ get”success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.
Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that“Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) Thisseems a justification for neglect of those in need, and arationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at thetop and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
This ,however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtleargument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a uniqueopportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the lifeand prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed.In fat, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the bestin us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we areunlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation.Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person’s early life andits conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual.
The sobering aspect of Allen’s book is that we have no one elseto blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) Theupside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything isup to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations,now we become authorities of what is possible.
Section Ⅲ Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
Write a letter to a friend of yours to
1) recommend one of your favorite movies and
2) give reasons for your recommendation
Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2
Do not sign your own name at the end of the leter. User “LIMING” instead.
Do not writer the address.(10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Write an essay of 160---200 words based on the followingdrawing. In your essay, you should
1) describe the drawing briefly,
2) explain it’s intended meaning, and
3) give your comments.
Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)
2011考研英语(二)完型填空试题及答案
"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon toprivacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is alsobehind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web.
Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety andsecurity to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?
Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offeredthe Obama government a 4 to make the Web a safer place — a“voluntary identify” system that would be the high-tech 5 of aphysical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one.The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a rangeof online services.
The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identifysystems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registeredusers whose identities have been authenticated could navigate thosesystems. The approach contrasts with one that would require anInternet driver’s license 10 by the government.
Google and Microsoft are among companies that already havesign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just oncebut use many different services.
12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe“neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense ofcommunity.
Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in whichindividuals and organizations can complete online transactions with14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that thetransaction runs 15 .'"
Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rightsactivists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. Itseems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be alicense” mentality.
The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, whoworry that the “voluntary ecosystem” would still leave much of theInternet 19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and identifythemselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on publicroads.
1.A.swept B. skipped C. walked D. ridden
2.A.for B. within C. while D. though
3.A.careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless
4.A.reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposal
5.A.information B. interference C. entertainment D.equivalent
6.A.by B. into C. from D. over
7.A.linked B. directed C. chained D. compared
8.A.dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve
9.A.recall B. suggest C. select D. realize
10.A.released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered
11.A.carry on B. linger on C. set in D. log in
12.A.In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast
13.A.trusted B. modernized C. thriving D. competing
14.A.caution B. delight C. confidence D. patience
15.A.on B. after C. beyond D. across
16.A.divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united
17.A.frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D.eventually
18.A.skepticism B. tolerance C. indifference D. enthusiasm
19.A.manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible
20.A.invited B. appointed C. allowed D. forced
参考答案：1-5 ACBDD 6-10 BACCA 11-15 DBACA 16-20 CDACD
2011年考研英语(一)真题参考答案
客观题
Section I Use of English
CDBBA BADCABCDCB DADAC
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
DBDBA BDCAC DCBAACCDDB
Part B
41.B 42.D 43.A 44.C 45.F
翻译题：
46、艾伦的贡献在于提供了我们能分担和揭示错误性质的假设--因为我们不是机器人，因此我们能够控制我们的理想。
47、我们可以单独通过意识维持控制的感觉，但实际上我们一直面临着一个问题，为什么我不能完成这件事情或那件事情。
48、这似乎可能为必要时的忽视正名，也能合理说明剥削，以及在顶层的人的优越感及处于后层人们的劣势感。
49、环境似乎是为了发挥我们的优势，而且如果我们感觉受了委屈，那么我们就不可能有意识的做出努力逃离我们原来的处境。
50、正面在于我们处于这样的位置，知道所有事情都取决与我们自己，之前我们是受到一系列限制的专家，现在我们成了权威
作文
51. Directions:
Write a letter to a friend of yours to
1) recommend one of your favorite movies and
2) give reasons for your recommendation.
You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.
Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use”LiMing”instead.
Do not write the address.(10points)
小作文范文：
Dear friends:
I am writing, without hesitation, to share one of my favoritemovies, If You Are The One, with you, which is not only conduciveto your study, but also beneficial to your life。
For one thing, it’s storyline is very tight and characters'language is classic and thought-provoking. For another thing, theprofound cultural elements implicit in the scene will equip youwith profound cultural background and, above all, enrich your dailylife。
Would you like to see this movie after my recommendation?Remember to tell me your opinion about the movie. I am lookingforward to your early reply。
Yours,
Li Ming
52、Direction
Write an essay of 160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay ,you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended measing and
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20points)
Our surroundings are being polluted fast and man's presentefforts cannot prevent it. Time is bringing us more people, andmore people will bring us more industry, more cars, larger citiesand the growing use of man-made materials. The drawing sets usthinking too much due to its far-reaching influence。
Nowadays, though the awareness of protecting environment isbeing accepted by more and more people, we can still see manyunpleasant scenes especially in scenic spots. Why does thisphenomenon arise? Many factors are accounting for it. First andforemost, to some people, the consciousness of protectingenvironment is still not so strong. They may not think it is a bigdeal to throw rubbish everywhere. In addition, the environmentalmanagement system isn’t so satisfying. For example, in some placesthere’re few regulations or the implementation is seldom performedactually。
From what has been discussed above, it is urgent to take someeffective and relative measures. In the first place, we shouldcontinue to conduct more propaganda in communities and schools soas to let people realize the importance of protecting environment.In the second, more rules should be made and carried out by thegovernment to restrain the conduction of destroying environment.People should work together to create clean and beautifulsurroundings。
2011考研英语(二)阅读第4篇真题
WILL the European Union make it? The question would havesounded outlandish not long ago. Now even the project’s greatestcheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” ofdebt, demographic decline and lower growth.
As well as those chronic problems, the EU faces an acutecrisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the singlecurrency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies,weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the disciplineof sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive stragglersthe quick fix of devaluation.
Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency fromdisintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’sdominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greaterharmonisation within the euro zone, but disagree about what toharmonise.
Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules onborrowing, spending and competitiveness, backed by quasi-automaticsanctions for governments that stray. These might include threatsto freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects, andeven the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerialcouncils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority forfree-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner corealone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French dirigisme.
A “southern” camp headed by France wants something different:“European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zonemembers. Translated, that means politicians meddling in monetarypolicy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorermembers, via cheaper borrowing for governments through commonEurobonds or outright fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close tothe French government have murmured, euro-zone members should agreeto some fiscal and social harmonisation: eg, curbing competition incorporate-tax rates or labour costs.
It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’slargest trading block. At its best, the European project isremarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich andpoor countries, its internal borders are far more porous to goods,capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is anambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalisation, andmake capitalism benign.
36.The EU is faced with to many problems that
A it has more or less lost faith in markets
B even its supporters begin to fell concerned
C some of its member countries plan to X curo
D it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation
37 The X over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the Xpomery
A are X for the leading position
B are busy X their own crises
Cfall to reach an agreement on harmonisation
D disagreement on the steps towards disintegration
38 To solve the cure problem ,Gremanyproposed that
A EU funds for poor regions be X
B stricter regulations be impossal
C only core members be involved in ecomomic X
D voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed
39 The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that
A X countries are more likely to get finds
B monetary policy will be applied to poor countries
C X will be readily available to rich countries
D rich countries will busically control Eurobonds
40 X the future of the EU,the author seems to feel
A pesaimistic
B desperate
Cconeceiled
D hopeful
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below eachtext by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1. (40 points)
Text 1
The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbertas its next music director has been the talk of the classical-musicworld ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to saythe least. “Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, asober-sided classical-music critic。
One of the reasons why the appointment came as such asurprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known.Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in theTimes, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of theformidable conductor about him。” As a description of the next musicdirector of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicianslike Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to havestruck at least some Times readers as faint praise。
For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a greatconductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressivevariety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for meto visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interestingorchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or bootup my computer and download still more recorded music fromiTunes。
Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are nosubstitute for live performance are missing the point. For thetime, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classicalinstrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dancetroupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recordedperformances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very oftenmuch higher in artistic quality than today’s live performances;moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of thelistener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordingshas thus brought about a crisis in the institution of thetraditional classical concert。
One possible response is for classical performers to programattractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert’sown interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, aclassical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capableof turning the Philharmonic into “a markedly different, morevibrant organization。” But what will be the nature of thatdifference? Merely expanding the orchestra’s repertoire will not beenough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they mustfirst change the relationship between America’s oldest orchestraand the new audience it hops to attract。
`译文：
纽约爱乐乐团决定聘请AlanGilbert作为下一任的音乐总监，这从2009年任命被宣布之日起就在古典音乐界引起了热议。别的不说，大部分人的反应是积极的。“好啊，终于好了！”Anthony Tommasini写道，他可是一个以严肃著称的古典音乐评论家。
但是，这个任命之所以一起人们惊讶的原因却是Gilbert相对而言并不是很有名。甚至在时代杂志上发文支持Gilbert任命的Tommasini都称其为：低调的音乐家，在他身上找不到那种飞扬跋扈的指挥家的气质。纽约爱乐乐团迄今为止都是由像GustavMahler(古斯塔夫•马勒)和PierreBoulez布列兹那样的音乐家领导的。这样去描述这个乐团的下一位指挥，至少对于时代的读者而言，这是一种苍白的表扬。
就我看来，我不知道Gilbert是否是一个伟大的指挥家或者是一个好的指挥。但是我能确定的是，他能表现出很多有趣的乐章，但是我却应该不会去AveryFisherHall或者其他地方去听一场有趣的交响乐演出。我要做的事情就是去我的CD架上，或者打开的我的电脑从ITUNES上下载更多的唱片。
那些忠实的音乐会观众会讲唱片并不能代替现场的演出，但是他们忽略了一些事情。当下为了获得艺术爱好者的钱，时间，关注度，古典音乐的演奏家们(其实就是指交响乐团，同意复述)不仅要和剧院，舞蹈队，演出公司和博物馆竞争，而且还需要和那些记录了20世纪的伟大的古典音乐演奏者表演的唱片竞争。唱片很便宜，那里都能买到，并且比现在很多现场音乐会的艺术质量要高。进一步的讲，听众能选择听唱片的时间和地点。这些到处可以获得的唱片给传统的演出机构带来了危机。
对于古典音乐演奏者而言，他们可能的一个回应就是排练出唱片上没有的曲目。Gilbert对新音乐兴趣已经被广泛的关注了：AlexRoss，一名古典音乐的批评家，就这样描述道：他能够把爱乐乐团变成一个完全不同，更加有活力的组织。但是那种不同的性质也是什么呢？可能仅仅增加乐团演出的曲目是不够的，如果Gilbert和他的乐团要进步的话，他们就必须首先改变美国最古老的乐团(就是纽约爱乐乐团)同他们想吸引的新观众间的关系。
文章分析：
这篇文章来自Commentary 2007年9月刊的一篇文章Selling Classical Music by TERRYTEACHOUT。这个杂志可以说知名度并不高，这可以看出命题人的出题指向性，反反命题的倾向很严重。以前的经济学人，今年只有在B节入选。这篇文章的体裁是议论文。第一二段都是一个引入。三段提出了作者的观点。四段和五段是对于三段观点进一步的递进和展开。而在第一个第二段中是不同的人对于新任指挥的看法。所以阅读考研文章没有什么复杂的就是关注观点！分清论点和论据！
试题分析
21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’
