爱华网俄罗斯PussyRiot乐队——魔鬼还是骑士？
图片：© РустемАдагамов/drugoihttp://drugoi.livejournal.com/
从左到右依次为：纳迪娅（NadiaTolokonnikova）、玛丽亚（Maria Alyokhina）、和叶卡捷琳娜（EkaterinaSamutsevich），辩护律师Violetta Volkova
注：本文刊登于《FT中文网》2012年8月10日：http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001045965。
本文由张雄飞律师翻译为中文。
本文相关图片作品著作权归原作者所有，笔者得到授权使用。未经著作权人同意不得擅自引用或出版。
离别之时已到，
我们各走自路——我向死，你们向生，
惟有神明白，何路更好。
引自柏拉图《苏格拉底的申辩》
犹太人告诉耶稣：
“我们不是为善事拿石头打你，是为你说僭妄的话。”
《约翰福音》10:33
PussyRiot案件的庭审已经结束，宣判时间定于莫斯科时间2012年8月17日下午3点。本案庭审的一些律师接受了笔者独家采访。
2012年8月，一起不寻常的案件在莫斯科庭审，引起了全世界的关注：英国国会议员克里•麦卡锡（KerryMcCarthy）赶到开庭现场旁听、美国歌手麦当娜（Madonna）公开表示支持被告人。
案件的被告人是三名22至30岁的年轻女性：纳迪娅（NadiaTolokonnikova）、玛丽亚（Maria Alyokhina）、和叶卡捷琳娜（EkaterinaSamutsevich），她们都是朋克乐队PussyRiot的成员。受害人有九名，大部分是莫斯科救世主大教堂的工作人员。2012年2月21日，PussyRiot乐队未经许可在教堂内进行饱受争议的表演，当时九名受害人正在现场。起诉罪名为流氓罪。根据《俄罗斯联邦刑法典》（以下简称“俄罗斯刑法”）第213条的规定，流氓罪是指“粗暴破坏公共秩序，公然藐视社会的行为”，本罪最高刑期可达七年监禁。
这场饱受争议的表演视频现在在互联网上广为传播。但视频其实是后期添加素材剪辑而成的，现场表演部分很少——因为她们刚表演没多久就被救世主大教堂的安保人员赶走了。
因一首歌面临七年监禁？案件庭审引发了全世界的疑问：俄罗斯将重回苏联、独裁者普京开始畏惧民声？或者中世纪宗教裁判所再生？
带着同样的疑问，笔者关注了整个案件审理，并采访了案件相关人员和社会活动家，以探求案件背后的种种社会因素。
PussyRiot被控的罪名：流氓罪？
纳迪娅、玛丽亚和叶卡捷琳娜于2012年3月被拘捕，随后以流氓罪（涉嫌宗教仇恨）起诉。至8月庭审，三名被告人已被拘押了五个月。
纳迪娅的辩护律师马克•费金（MarkFeygin）向笔者解析：“具体而言，这些女生被起诉的罪名是根据俄罗斯刑法第213条的B款，该款规定的是因宗教仇恨而导致的流氓行为。”
费金认为，将PussyRiot的表演认定为违反俄罗斯刑法213条的犯罪是法律适用错误：《起诉书》提到Pussy Riot的表演“侮辱了教徒们的宗教感情”，而“侮辱宗教感情”并不属于俄罗斯刑法管辖的范围。相反，《俄罗斯行政违法法典》（Code of Administrativeoffenses ofRussia）第5-26条第二款明确规定了适用于“侮辱公民的宗教感情或宗教崇拜的圣物”的行为，根据该规定，最高处罚为罚款1000卢布。
费金还列举了一个他认为正确适用俄罗斯刑法第213条的B款因宗教仇恨而导致的流氓罪的案例作为比较：2012年3月，在俄罗斯南部，一个年轻人持刀闯进教堂并大肆破坏教堂的物品。他殴打了试图阻止其行为的神父，闯入祭坛（教堂的禁区），并在神座上持刀恐吓闻讯赶来未持械的警察……。
图片：感谢 OlegSeleznev (Олег Селезнёв)
Pussy Riot辩护律师（从左到右）：NikolayPolozov, 马克•费金(Mark Feygin), Violetta Volkova.
2012年8月2日，俄罗斯《新报》发表了一封公开信，数十名俄罗斯的著名法律专家在公开信上签名支持PussyRiot案件的辩护。
公开信指出，“俄罗斯刑法第213条流氓罪的条款，在法典属刑法‘危害公共安全犯罪’章，……流氓罪犯罪的客体是危害公共安全和社会秩序。《起诉书》所描述PussyRiot的行为并未危害公共安全和社会秩序。她们被起诉因……违反东正教的教义和习俗。因她们违反东正教的规定而以流氓罪起诉她们的行为违背了宗教和国家分离的原则。而宗教和国家分离是俄罗斯宪法的基本原则。”
受害人的律师列夫•利阿林（LevLialin），是九名受害人中三名受害人的共同代理人。他说受害人对庭审感到沉重和郁闷，“这是不可能胜诉的案件，这个案件制造了社会矛盾。”对于被告人应适用俄罗斯刑法或者行政处罚，利阿林认为基于职业要求判决前暂不置评，但他承认在听到PussyRiot乐队成员可能面临七年监禁时，其当事人也感到很不安。
2012年7月 30日，第一天庭审时，PussyRiot的被告人均承认有“道德错误”并向被她们的表演所伤害的东正教信徒表示道歉，但她们对流氓罪的指控拒绝认罪。受害人和控方证人对被告人的道歉诚意均表示质疑。
PussyRiot案件的分析：政治还是宗教？
PussyRiot表演的歌名是《圣母请把普京赶走》，因此歌名而备受关注。另外，这首歌的歌词也大肆攻击俄罗斯东正教教廷对普京的支持：“大牧首信仰普京，妈的你还是最好相信上帝。”此外，她们还提到了从2011年12月份开始的多次反普京抗议活动：“克格勃的头子，是你们最大的圣人，把抗议者带到了监狱。”最后，这首歌还直指所谓普京和东正教提倡的俄罗斯社会保守主义和女性社会地位不平等：“为了不冒犯圣人，女人要去生小孩……圣母玛丽亚，快变成女性主义者！”
PussyRiot成员把自己描述成女性主义者的朋克乐队。所有成员都有良好的教育水平：纳迪娅是莫斯科大学哲学学院学生；玛丽亚是媒体传播和文学学院学生；叶卡捷琳娜是高级计算机程序员，辞职从事乐队演出以前她曾为国防工程工作过。
救世主大教堂是俄罗斯东正教最神圣的教堂。虽然俄罗斯宪法规定其为政教分离的国家，但是每逢宗教节日俄罗斯领导人们都会去参加各种宗教仪式和活动。1931年，救世主大教堂曾因斯大林反宗教活动而被摧毁。20世纪90年代开始重建，成为俄罗斯经过几十年无神论以后东正教信仰重新复兴的象征：庭审时，检察官称救世主大教堂为“信仰的象征。”
本案并非Pussy Riot乐队的第一次演出。PussyRiot乐队的表演一直与反普京抗议活动密切相连。纳迪娅的辩护律师费金告诉笔者，他认识PussyRiot的纳迪娅很久了，在抗议活动经常看到她们。2011年12月5日发生第一次反普京抗议活动，有几个人被拘留。PussyRiot在看守所楼顶进行了此类表演。2012年1月，PussyRiot在莫斯科红场也进行过此类表演，演出曲目包括《普京逊毙了（Putin sucks）》。
“这无疑是政治案件。她们面临刑罚就是因为说了‘圣母请把普京带走’，”俄罗斯著名记者奥丽嘉•罗曼洛娃（Olga Romanova）说。罗曼洛娃是PussyRiot乐队的著名支持者，同时也是反普京抗议活动的组织者之一，她告诉笔者：“我认识那些女生挺久了，事实上我对她们的艺术没多大兴趣。但是她们被拘禁和面临的暴刑促使我站出来为她们说话！”
俄罗斯的民众反应
在俄罗斯，并非人人同意罗曼洛娃的意见。在庭审中，救世主大教堂的安保人员谢尔盖•别洛格拉佐夫（SergeyBeloglazov）作为受害人，痛诉他的心灵被PussyRiot的表演深深伤害，以至于2个月无法回去工作；救世主大教堂的另一个工作人员塔齐亚娜•阿诺索娃（TatianaAnosova）哭诉：“她们唾骂到我的脸，到我的灵魂，到我的上帝之脸。”阿诺索娃说每每回想起2月21日那一幕，都不禁痛哭流涕。
PussyRiot的支持者对受害人的沉痛伤害深表质疑，但在俄罗斯有很多人相信受害人的说法。2012年7月，俄罗斯最大独立民调机构Levada-Center调查报告显示，42%的俄罗斯受访者认为，指控PussyRiot涉嫌刑事犯罪是因为“她们侮辱了教徒们的宗教感情”。只有17%受访者认为是因为“她们提倡赶走普京”。
整个俄罗斯对Pussy Riot行为的理解和同情也并不明显。“对这群白痴的关注太多了！”“一群无耻的年轻人欺凌平静而虔诚的信徒们。”有网民评论道。
“PussyRiot这样的案件很适合普京在选举阶段迎合选民。”费金律师认为，此案有足于提高普京在选民中的形象，使普京显得犹如保守的、国民的父母官。
Levada-Center分析师纳塔利娅•佐尔斯卡娅（NataliaZorskaya）接受德国媒体采访时曾说：“要求严惩PussyRiot乐队的人和支持普京的选民在社会构成上高度重合：他们住在小城市，收入在平均水平左右，不太年轻也不太老。”
但是，类似的民调在知识分子或高收入人群中就可能大不相同。
比如，社交网站Facebook的投票结果就很不相同。截至2012年8月9日，共有20287人参与投票“PussyRiot的行为应适用何种惩罚？”：只有8.3%的投票者认为应该定罪量刑，有50%的投票者认为她们完全不应受任何惩罚。然而，Facebook本来就在抗议者和公共知识分子中比较受欢迎。
同样是Levada-Center的民调，在莫斯科市的数据也显示：50%的受访者不同意对PussyRiot定罪量刑。莫斯科是俄罗斯富裕和受过良好教育的人比例最高的城市。
有意思的是，PussyRiot以流氓罪面临严厉刑罚后，公众的同情心开始日益上升。Levada-Center的民调显示：2012年3月，46%的受访者认为应处于2-7年监禁，2012年7月认为应处上述严刑的比例降到了33%。
______________________________________________________________________________________
PussyRiot案件于2012年7月30日至8月8日公开开庭，这段时间每天庭审长达10-12个小时。庭审过程都是全程直播，受害人和证人陈述部分虽然没有视频但是仍有文本直播。庭审现场的律师、记者等均可以自由通过微博发布全程。
对Pussy Riot案件庭审的关注，引起了全世界范围的广泛同情：英国国会议员克里·麦卡锡（KerryMcCarthy）到莫斯科旁听了两天的庭审，美国歌手麦当娜（Madonna）在8月7日莫斯科演唱会的时候，把“PussyRiot”写在背部表示支持她们。
8月2日，普京在伦敦接受记者采访时说，他不应干预司法，个人认为PussyRiot的行为不好，但不宜处罚太重。
8月7日，检察官在庭审时向法官提出对Pussy Riot三名被告人处三年监禁的量刑建议。
8月8日庭审结束后，三名受害人的共同代理人利阿林告诉笔者，他的其中一名当事人认为可以接受缓刑判决。
Pussy Riot案件的将于莫斯科时间8月17日下午3点公开宣判。
庭审中，Pussy Riot成员经常提及苏格拉底和耶稣的受审情节。最后陈述阶段，三名PussyRiot被告人均表示，对被判入狱已有心理准备，而她们相信这个案件将有助于俄罗斯社会的进步。
“从被拘之日起，我们已拒绝哭泣”纳迪娅说，“对个人来说，参与历史的代价有时过于沉重，但能参与便是伟大的荣耀。”
鸣谢Nikolay Polozov, Rustem Adagamov, MaratDavletbaev, Yaroslav Nikitenko, Alex Amyotov, Oleg Seleznev, KatrinRyzhik, Alexander Baroshin 对本文采访提供的帮助。
Pussy Riot: Knights orDemons?
Note: theChinese version of this article is published in the Chinese editionof "Financial Times" on August 10, 2012. It can be accessedhere: http://www.ftchinese.com/story/001045941
This isthe English translation.
All images remain theproperty of their respective copyright holders.
The hour ofdeparture has arrived,
and we go ourways - I to die,and you tolive.
Which isbetter God only knows.
Socrates
Quotedby Plato,Apology
The Jewish people toldJesus:
"Itisnot for goodworksthat we are going tostoneyoubutforblasphemy.”
The Gospel ofJohn 10:33
画：© Lena Hades
The hearing in the Pussy Riottrial ended on August 8, 2012, and the verdict is expected onAugust 17, 2012. Several lawyers participating in the trial gaveexclusive interviews for this article.
This August a verystrange court trial in Moscow has attracted attention from thewhole world: the British MP Kerry McCarthy attended two days of it;the American star Madonna spoke in support of the defendants. Thedefendants are three young women aged 22-30 from the punk musicband “Pussy Riot”: Nadia Tolokonnikova, Maria Aliokhina, andEkaterina Samutsevich. The victims are nine people, most of themworkers of the Moscow Cathedral of Christ the Savior, who werepresent in the church on February 21, 2012 when the “Pussy Riot”attempted an unauthorized music performance there. The charge is“hooliganism”, an offense defined in Art. 213 of Russia’s CriminalCode: “a gross violation of the public order, which expressespatent contempt for society”, with maximum punishment of up to 7years in jail.
The video of thecontroversial performance, widely distributed online, is a latermontage including a few shots that the band actually managed tofilm before they were chased away by the guards of theCathedral.
Potentially 7 years for a song?The trial attracted worldwide bewilderment: return to the SovietUnion, dictator Putin scared of people, or middle age Christianinquisition? Equally bewildered, I have followed the trial andtalked to its participants.
What is the crime of"hooliganism"?
Nadia Tolokonnikova, MariaAlyokhina, and Ekaterina Samutsevich were arrested in March, 2012and charged with hooliganism for reasons of religious hatred. Thethree women have remained in custody since then, during five monthspreceding the trial.
Hooliganism offense is anoffense defined in Article 213 of the Criminal Code of Russia.“Specifically, the girls face charges under Art. 213 (b)", NadiaTolokonnikova’s lawyer Mark Feygin explained to me, "hooliganismfor the reasons of religious hatred”.
"The qualification of the PussyRiot’s act as a crime under Article 213 is a legal mistake",believes lawyer Feygin. The charge statement saysthat Pussy Riot “insulted the religious feelings of the believers”.In Russian criminal law, however, there is nothing about “insultingthe religious feelings”. The correct qualification is under Art.5-26 (2) of the Code of Administrative offenses of Russia, which isexactly, “insult to religious feelings of citizens or the objectsof religious worship”. The maximum punishment under the Code ofAdministrative Offenses is a 1000 rubles fine.
Lawyer Feygin compared thePussy Riot case with another case prosecuted under Art. 213 (b),which, he believes, was qualified correctly. In March 2012, in theSouth of Russia, a young man broke into a church with a knife andstarted to destroy the interior of the church. He beat up a priestwho tried to stop him, broke into the altar, the sacred place ofthe church, and sitting there threatened the police who first camewithout weapons…
The position of the defense inPussy Riot case got support in an open letter signed by severaldozen famous legal experts, which was published by NovayaGazeta on August 2, 2008. “In Russia, Article 213 of theCriminal Code on hooliganism belongs to the chapter on “Crimesagainst public security”, the part on “Crimes against publicsecurity and public order”. The object of the criminal hooliganismis public security and public order. However, the charge statementagainst Pussy Riot does not mention any act that infracts on publicsecurity and public order. They are accused of… infracting on therules and traditions of the Orthodox Church. Accusing them ofhooliganism because they broke the rules of church means deviatingfrom the principle of separation of religion and state, which is afundamental constitutional principle of Russia.”
I also called Lev Lialin, thelawyer representing three of the nine injured parties. He said thatthe injured parties “felt heavy and unpleasant” about the trial.“It is impossible to win in this case“, he commented. ”The casecreated conflict in the society”. Quoting the reasons ofprofessional ethics, he declined commenting on whether the act ofPussy Riot should be qualified under the Criminal Code or the Codeof Administrative Offenses, but mentioned thateventhe injured parties felt uncomfortable aboutthe potential punishment of 7 years in jail faced by PussyRiot.
On the first day of the trial,July 30, Pussy Riot admitted having committed an “ethical mistake”and apologized to the Orthodox believers who were hurt by theirperformance, but rejected the criminal charge of hooliganism. Theinjured party and the witnesses of the accusation expressed doubtsabout the sincerity of their apologies.
The meaning of Pussy Riotperformance: political or religious?
The title of the song, “Motherof Christ, chase Putin away”, attracted most attention. Besidesthat, the lyrics attacked the Russian church’s political support toPutin: “Patriarch Gundyaev believes in Putin, bitch better believein God instead”. They also referred to the anti-Putin protestdemonstrations that have been shaking Russia, especially Moscow,since December 2011: “The Head of the KGB, their chief saint, leadsprotesters to prison”. Finally, the song pointed at the socialconservatism in Russia, notably the views on the status of womenattributed to Putin and the Orthodox Church: “In order not tooffend his Holiness, women must give birth and love… Virgin Mary,mother of God, become a feminist!”
Pussy Riot describe themselvesas a feminist punk music band. All members have excellenteducation: Nadia Tolokonnikova is a student of the MoscowUniversity Philosophy Department, Maria Aliokhina is a journalist,and Ekaterina Samutzevich is a high level computer programmer whoused to work on national defense projects before she quit her jobin order to devote herself to art.
Christ the Savior Cathedral isthe most important church of the Russian orthodox faith. AlthoughRussia is constitutionally a secular state, on religious holidaysRussia’s top officials are often filmed taking part in thereligious service in Christ the Savior Cathedral. The cathedral’shistory includes destruction by explosion in 1931, during Stalin’santi-religious campaign. It was rebuilt in 1990s, symbolizing therevival of faith in Russia after decades of atheism. The prosecutorin the case stressed the religious importance of the cathedral bycalling it “the symbol of faith”.
The cathedral performance wasnot the first one by Pussy Riot. Their previous performances wereclosely linked to the demonstrations against Vladimir Putin.Nadia’s lawyer, Mark Feygin, said he had been personally acquaintedwith her for a long time, and frequently saw Pussy Riot members atthe pr otests against Putin. After the first such protest onDecember 5, 2011, which took place on the day after theparliamentary election, Pussy Riot performed on the roof of adetention center where some of the protesters were held. In January2012, they performed a song titled something like “Putin sucks” onthe Red Square.
"It is definitely a politicalcase. They face punishment for the phrase, “Mother of God, chasePutin away”, said Olga Romanova, a famous Russian journalist,prominent Pussy Riot supporters, and one of the leaders of theprotest movement. “I have known the girls personally for a whilebefore their arrest, and was aware of what they were doing.Actually, my attitude to their art was pretty cold. But theirarrest and the harsh punishment they are facing made me speak intheir support.”
Reaction from RussianAudience
Olga Romanova’s opinion is notshared by everyone in Russia. During the trial, the guard of theChrist the Savior Cathedral, Sergey Beloglazov, acting as injuredparty, said he was so hurt by Pussy Riot that he could not returnto work for 2 months after the performance. “They spit into myface, into my soul, into the soul of my God”, said another workerof the Christ the Savior Cathedral, Tatiana Anosova, crying. Shesaid she cried each time she recalled what happened on February 21,2012.
The grief expressed by theinjured party was doubted by Pussy Riot supporters, but theircredibility in Russia is actually relatively high. According to thepublic opinion poll agency Levada Center, in July 2012, 42% ofRussian respondents believed that hard criminal prosecution against“Pussy Riot” was due to the fact “they insulted the religiousfeelings of believers”. Only 11% thought it was due to the fact“they called for Putin’s departure from power”. Across Russia,understanding and sympathy to Pussy Riot are not that manifest.“Too much attention to these idiots”, "Shameless youths bullyingthe peaceful and spiritual believers”, exclaim somenetizens.
"Pussy Riot is exactly the kindof case Putin needed during the election period to please hiselectorate", lawyer Mark Feygin told me. "Putin projects himself asa conservative father of the nation. This case helps hisimage”.
Natalia Zorskaya, a LevadaCentre analyst, said in an interview to the German media, that “thesocial demographics of Putin’s electorate are similar to those whoare the harshest on Pussy Riot: they live in small cities, they arenot young but not yet old”.
The attitude to Pussy Riot isvery different among intellectuals and people with highincome.
Indeed, the results of vote onFacebook social network on the question, “What kind of punishmentfor Pussy Riot”, show that among 20287 voters, only 8.3% thinkPussy Riot should be criminally prosecuted, while 50% thought theyshould stand no punishment at all. Facebook is very popular amongprotesters against Putin andintellectuals.
Russia’s public poll agencyLevada Centre study in Moscow city also shows that 50% ofrespondents disapprove criminal punishment of Pussy Riot. Moscow isthe city with the highest proportion of wealthy and highly educatedpeople.
The public sympathy to PussyRiot definitely increased due to the harsh punishment: according toLevada Center, the number of respondents who thought 2-7 yearsimprisonment was an adequate punishment for Pussy Riot decreasedfrom 46% in March 2012 to 33% in July.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
The trial of Pussy Riot lastedfrom July 30 to August 8 with 10-12 hour-long hearings a day. Itwas open for public to attend: most of the trial, except theinterrogation of injured parties and witnesses, was videobroadcasted live on the Internet. For the parts without video, livetext updates from lawyers and journalists were still availableonline.
The trial provoked sympathyfrom around the world: the British MP Kerry McCarthy attended twodays of the trial, and the American singer Madonna showed supportby writing “Pussy Riot” on her body during her performance inMoscow on August 7.
On August 2, 2012, VladimirPutin met journalists in London and, underlining the independenceof the court,expressedpersonalopinion that although “there is nothing good” about the Pussy Riotperformance in the cathedral, “they should not be punished toostrictly”.
The prosecutor officially askedfor 3 years in prison for all three members of Pussy Riot.According to lawyer Lialin, one of the three injured party membersthat he represented said he would find acceptable a provisionalsentence for Pussy Riot. The hearings on the case finished onAugust 8, 2012. The final verdict on the case of Pussy Riot will beannounced on August 17, at 3 pm Moscow time.
During their trial, the membersof Pussy Riot often referred to the trials of Socrates and JesusChrist. In their closing statements they showed they werepsychologically prepared to the prison sentence, and stronglybelieved that their case would contribute to Russia’s socialprogress.
“From the time of our arrest welost the ability to cry", Nadia Tolokonnikova said. "The price oftaking part in history is sometimes too heavy for a human – butparticipating in it is a great honor”.
The author’s deepest thanksgo to Nikolay Polozov, Rustem Adagamov, Marat Davletbaev, YaroslavNikitenko, Alex Amyotov, Oleg Seleznev, Katrin Ryzhik, andAlexander Baroshin for their insights to the trial of PussyRiot.
