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过去完成时
（1）常用过去完成时的几种情况：
①by, by the end, by the time,until, before, since后接表示过去某一时刻的短语或从句。
By the end of last year, we hadproduced 20,000 cars.
The train had left before wereached the station.
②表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped/planned/ meant/ intended/ thought/ wanted/expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示，即had hoped/ planned/ meant/ intended/thought/ wanted/ expected to have done。
③“时间名词＋before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词＋ago”在句子中状语，谓语动词用一般过去式。
He said his first teacher had diedat least 10 years before.
Xiao Hua left school 3 yearsago.
④表示“一……就……”的几个句型：
Hardly/ No sooner/ Scarcely had＋主语＋过去分词＋when/ than/ before＋一般过去时。
We had no sooner been seated thanthe bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the busstarted.
（2）在before或after引导的时间状语从句中可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。
After he (had) left the room, theboss came in.
We arrived home before itsnowed.
过去完成时的被动语态
过去完成时由“had +过去分词”构成，表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前发生的动作或状态，句中常用by，before，until，when等词引导时间状语。
We had built five new buildings by the end of last year.
过去完成时的被动语态有以下三种形式：
（1）肯定结构：主语＋ had been done ＋其他成分
（2）否定结构：主语＋ had not been done ＋其他成分
（3）疑问句结构：had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分；
疑问词＋ had ＋主语＋ been done ＋其他成分
过去完成时的被动语态常用于以下情况：
（1）表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作，常与by,before等引导的时间状语连用。
By the time he got to theschool, the first period had been finished.
The classroom hadn’t beencleaned before the teacher came.
How many buildings had been destroyed whenthe hurricane ended?
Had the new plan been discussed before themeeting?
（2）在 told, said, knew, heard,thought等动词之后的宾语从句中，若表示过去某一被动动作时，用过去完成时。
The said the production costs had beenreduced.
The boy was reminded that his homework hadnot been handed in.
The media re ported more than 1,000 people hadbeen killed in the earthquake.
（3）根据语意可以判断出动作先后的被动语态，用过去完成时。
As the assignment had been done, he went onto search the Internet.
He did what he had been told to
另：当从句由 after，before，when或 as soon as引导时，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时。
When he arrived, he calledher.
They locked the door beforethey left.
