新视野大学英语精读1课文及词汇 大学英语精读1课文

　Unit 1

reward vt. 报答，酬谢，奖励

n. 1.报答，奖赏 2.报酬，酬金

　frustrate vt. 1.使沮丧，使灰心 2.使挫败，使受挫折

　junior n. 1.年少者 2.地位较低者，晚辈

　positive a. 1.积极的，肯定的 2.确实的，明确的

　senior n. 较年长者

　former a. 在前的，以前的，旧时的

n. 前者

　unlike prep. 不像；和... ...不同

▲intimidate vt. 恐吓，威胁

　opportunity n. 机会，时机

　online a. & ad. 连线的, 联网的; 连线地, 联网地

　communication n. 交流，交际；通信

　medium n. 媒质，媒介物，传导体

a. 中等的，适中的

　phone n. 电话，电话机

　modem n. 调制解调器

　access n. 1.接近，进入 2.通道，入口

　technology n. 工艺，技术

　participate vi. 参与，参加

　virtual a. 1.虚构的，虚拟的 2.实质上的，事实上的，实际上的

　commitment n. 1.信奉，献身 2.承诺，许诺，保证

　discipline n. 1.纪律; 控制 2.惩罚，处分 3.学科

　minimum a. 最低的，最小的

n. 最低限度，最少量

　assignment n. 1.（分派的）任务，（指定的）作业 2.分配，指派

　notebook n. 笔记簿

　embarrass vt. 使窘迫，使尴尬，使不好意思

　screen n. 1. 屏幕，银幕 2. 屏风，帘，纱窗

　continual a. 1.不间断的，不停的 2.多次重复的，频频的

　continually ad. 1. 不间断地，不停地 2. 多次重复地，频频地

　finally ad. 最后，终于

▲reap vt. 1.获得，得到 2.收割，收获

　benefit n. 益处，好处

vt. 有益于

　insight n. 洞察力，洞悉，深刻的见解

　culture n. 文化，文明

　communicate vi. 交流，交际

vt. 传达，传播

　favorite (英favourite) a. 特别受宠的

n. 特别喜爱的人（或物）

　activity n. 活动，行动

　gap n. 缺口，裂口

Phrases and Expressions

　be well worth + sth./ doing sth. 值得......的

　not only ...but also ... 不仅... ...而且 ......

　far from 一点都不

　a couple of 两三个

　get access to 可以使用；获得

　keep up with 跟上，不落后

　feel like sth./doing sth. 想做，想要

　give up 停止，放弃

　reap the benefits of 获得益处，得到好处

　come across 偶然遇上

　trade for 用... ... 换

　participate in 参加

　now that 既然, 由于

　reach out to 接触, 联系

　community n. 社区，社会, 团体，界

　expand v. 1.（使）扩大，（使）扩张，(使)扩展 2.膨胀

　aware a. 意识到的，知道的

　unique a. 1.惟一的，独特的 ，独一无二的 2.极不寻常的，极好的

　following a. 接着的，下述的

n. 一批追随者

　ideal a. 1.完满的；理想的 2.想像的，空想的

　visual a. 视觉的，看得见的

　barrier n. 1.栅栏，关卡，检票口 2.障碍，隔阂 3.屏障

　addition n. 1.加，加法 2.增加的人（或物）

　reflect v. 1.深思，考虑，反省 2.反映, 体现 3.反射，显示

　environment n. 环境，周围状况，自然环境

　critical a. 1.决定性的，关键性的，危急的 2.批评的，批判的

　ability n. 能力，本领, 才能，才智

　perspective n. 视角，观点，想法

　peer n. 同龄人，同等地位的人

　instruct vt. 1.指示，命令；通知 2.教育，指导

　instructor n. 教师；指导者

　arise vi. 1.产生；出现；发生 2.（由... ...）引起，（由... ...）产生，起源于3.起身，起床

　absolute a. 十足的，地道的

　absolutely ad. 十足地，地道

　understanding n. 1.理解力 2.谅解

　reinforce vt. 增强，加强，加固

　requirement n. 要求，必要条件; 需要，需要的东西

　likely a. 可能的，有希望的

ad. 可能地

　commit vt. 1.使用; 用于 2.犯（错误、罪行等），干（蠢事、坏事等)3.使承担义务，使承诺

　input n. 输入，投入

　essential a. 必不可少的，绝对必要的，非常重要的

n. 要素，要点

　challenge vt. 1.对... ... 质疑，对... ... 怀疑 2.向... ...挑战

　normally ad. 通常，正常地

　sequence n. 1. 连续，一连串 2. 次序，顺序

　sequential a. 连续的

　vital a. 1.极其重要的 2.有生命的，充满生机的

　effective a. 1.有效的，生效的，起作用的 2.效果好的,给人印象深刻的

Phrases and Expressions

　play a role in ... 起 ... ...作用

　be aware of 对... ...清楚

　in addition 另外，加之

　reflect on 深思，考虑，反省

　allow for 考虑到，顾及，为... ...留出余地

Learninga foreign language was one of the most difficult yet most rewardingexperiences of my life. Although at times, learning a language wasfrustrating, it was well worth the effort.

Myexperience with a foreign language began in junior middle school,when I took my first English class. I had a kind and patientteacher who often praised all of the students. Because of thispositive method, I eagerly answered all the questions I could,never worrying much about making mistakes. I was at the top of myclass for two years.

When Iwent to senior middle school, I was eager to continue studyingEnglish; however, my experience in senior school was very differentfrom before. While my former teacher had been patient with all thestudents, my new teacher quickly punished those who gave incorrectanswers. Whenever we answered incorrectly, she pointed a long stickat us and, shaking it up and down, shouted, "No! No! No!" It didn'ttake me long to lose my eagerness to answer questions. Not only didI lose my joy in answering questions, but also I totally lost mydesire to say anything at all in English.

However,that state didn't last long. When I went to college, I learned thatall students were required to take an English course. Unlike mysenior middle school teacher, my college English teachers werepatient and kind, and none of them carried long, pointed sticks!However, the situation was far from perfect. As our classes werevery large, I was only able to answer a couple of questions in eachclass period. Also, after a few weeks of classes, I noticed therewere many students who spoke much better than I did. I began tofeel intimidated. So, once again, although for different reasons, Iwas afraid to speak. It seemed my English was going to stay at thesame level forever.

That wasthe situation until a couple of years later, when I was offered anopportunity to study English through an online course. Thecommunication medium was a computer, phone line, and modem. I soongot access to the necessary equipment, learned the technology froma friend and participated in the virtual classroom 5 to 7 days aweek.

Onlinelearning is not easier than regular classroom study; it requiresmuch time, commitment and discipline to keep up with the flow ofthe course. I worked hard to meet the minimum standards set by thecourse and to complete assignments on time.

Ipracticed all the time. I carried a little dictionary with meeverywhere I went, as well as a notebook in which I listed any newwords I heard. I made many, sometimes embarrassing, mistakes. Oncein a while I cried with frustration, and sometimes I felt likegiving up. But I didn't feel intimidated by students who spokefaster than I did because I took all the time I needed to think outmy ideas and wrote a reply before posting it on the screen. Then,one day I realized I could understand just about everything I cameacross, and most importantly, I could "say" anything I wanted to inEnglish. Although I still made many mistakes and was continuallylearning, I had finally reaped the benefits of all that hardwork.

Learninga foreign language has been a most trying experience for me, butone that I wouldn't trade for anything. Not only did learninganother language teach me the value of hard work, but it also gaveme insights into another culture, and my mind was opened to newways of seeing things. The most wonderful result of having learneda foreign language was that I could communicate with many morepeople than before. Talking with people is one of my favoriteactivities, so being able to speak a new language lets me meet newpeople, participate in conversations, and form new, unforgettablefriendships. Now that I speak a foreign language, instead ofstaring into space when English is being spoken, I can participateand make friends. I am able to reach out to others and bridge thegap between my language and culture and theirs.

Keys to Successful Online Learning

Whileregular schools still exist, the virtual classroom plays animportant role in today's learning community. Job opportunities forstudents are expanding rapidly and more people of all ages arebecoming aware of online learning that allows them to study athome. Online students, however, require unique qualities to besuccessful. The following list discusses some ideal qualities ofsuccessful online students.

1. Beopen-minded about sharing life, work, and learning experiences aspart of onlinelearning.

Manydifferent people find that the online method requires them to usetheir experiences and that online learning offers them a place tocommunicate with each other. This forum for communication removesthe visual barriers that hinder some students from expressingthemselves. In addition, students are given time to reflect on theinformation before replying. In this way, students can help to keepthe online environment open and friendly.

2. Beable to communicate throughwriting.

In thevirtual classroom nearly all communication is written, so it iscritical that students feel comfortable expressing themselves inwriting. Some students have limited writing abilities which need tobe improved before or as part of the online experience. Thisusually requires extra commitment by these students. Whetherworking alone or in a group, students share ideas, perspectives anddiscussions on the subject being studied, and read about those oftheir classmates. In this way, students gain great insight fromtheir peers, learning from each other as well as theinstructor.

3. Bewilling to "speak up" if problems arise.

Rememberthat instructors cannot see their students in an online course.This means students must be absolutely explicit with their commentsand requests. If they experience technical difficulties, orproblems in understanding something about the course, they MUSTspeak up; otherwise there is no way anyone can know something iswrong. If one person does not understand something, possiblyseveral others have the same problem. If another student is able tohelp, she/he probably will. While explaining something to others,students reinforce their own knowledge about the subject.

4. Takethe program seriously.

Onlinelearning is not easier than study in regular classrooms. In fact,many students say it requires much more time and effort.Requirements for online courses are not less than those of anyquality program. Successful students, however, see online learningas a convenient way to receive their education — not an easier way.Many online students sit at computers for hours at a time duringevenings and on weekends in order to complete their assignments.When other people are finished and having fun is most likely thetime when online students do their course work. Online studentsneed to commit 4 to 15 hours a week for eachcourse.

5. Acceptcritical thinking and decision making as part of onlinelearning.

Onlinecourses require students to make decisions based on facts as wellas experience. It is absolutely necessary for students toassimilate information and make the right decisions based oncritical thinking. In a positive online environment, students feelvalued by the instructor, by their classmates and by their ownwork.

6. Beable to think ideas through before replying.

Providingmeaningful and quality input into the virtual classroom is anessential part of online learning. Time is given to allow forcareful development of answers. Testing and challenging of ideas isencouraged. Many times online students will not always be right;they just need to be prepared to accept a challenge.

7. Keepup with the progress of the course.

Onlinelearning is normally sequential and requires commitment on thestudents' part. Keeping up with the face-to-face class andcompleting all work on time is vital. Once students get behind, itis almost impossible to catch up. Students need to want to be thereand need to want the experience. The instructor may have tocommunicate with students personally to offer help and remind themof the need to keep up.

Just asmany excellent instructors may not be effective onlinefacilitators, not all students have the necessary qualities toperform well online. People who have the qualities discussed aboveusually make very successful online students. If you have thesequalities, learning online may be one of the best discoveries youwill ever make.

Teaching Children at Home

Recordnumbers of children are being taken out of school and taught bytheir parents at home. Up to 100 children a month are leaving theclassroom because parents are not satisfied with schools. Around15,000 families now teach their children at home, a rise of 50 percent from last year, according to the latest figures.

Thispresent rise in home schooling is blamed on the nature ofexaminations, not getting children into the school of choice, anddissatisfaction with teaching methods. Some parents prefer keepingchildren home because of attacks by other students and a lack ofdiscipline in schools. Researchers say, however, many familiesprefer teaching at home because they feel the idea of publicschooling is not modern. They believe schools will be things of thepast in 20 years as media technology, like the Internet, teacheschildren.

Under thelaw, parents must teach their children, whether at school or athome. Community officials are charged with protecting theirschooling. Professor Meighan of Nottingham University says parentswere fed up with the requirements of existing schools. For him,schools are an out-of-date concept from the days of the town crier(市政传令员), when it was difficult to get information and a centralperson was needed to communicate knowledge. He also thinks parentsare recognizing education is moving on and don't want theirchildren to be held back by out-of-date methods.

Meighansuggests children will be taught at home using the Internet,computers, and video(录像片). He thinks future schools will be smallgroups of children, sharing equipment in their homes. The teachersmay become advisers who sort through the information.

Futureschooling was questioned by Sir Christopher Ball of the Royal(皇家的)Society of Arts. He thinks learning in the future will include aninternational curriculum and international standards. He sees somepresent models of schooling — community schools and home schooling,for example — becoming more central and other models, not yetexisting, may develop.

How Personal Choice Brings O-Level Success at 13

LeslieBarson is already running the type of school that researchers thinkwill teach children in the future. Based partly at a communitycentre and partly in family homes, the Otherwise Club includes some35 families around north London. Professional teachers are broughtin to help with special subjects, but mostly parents and childrenwork together on units like studying the Greeks or the AmericanCivil War, reading about events, making costumes(戏装), and learninghow people used to live.

Parentschoosing home schooling say the freedom of home learning allowssome children to sit one or two GCEs by the age of 13. Ms. Barson'sown children, Luis, age 12, and 7-year-old Lilly, have neverattended school. She pays around 2,000 pounds a year for privateteachers to help in special areas. She set up the Otherwise Clubsix years ago with just a few students. She thinks the purpose ofteaching children is to develop their self-worth. Her son agrees.Luis, now teaching himself math, said, "I like the freedom to learnthings that interest me, especially music. I don't feel I ammissing out on anything by not being at school because I am amember of various clubs and have friends who attend normalschool."

The 'Danger' of Separating Students

Homeschooling could change children's relations with their peers andolder people because of long periods spent with their parents. Mostprofessors agree future learning will be more centred around thehome, and fear children could become isolated and shy. ProfessorMichael Barber of London University said pupils could spend halftheir time at school, half at home as a way to solve this problem.He believes very strongly that children need the experience ofschool to ensure the quality of being taught the basics and beingexamined. He thinks children must spend time with peers to learnthe rules of work in a democratic(民主的) society and to learn how todeal with relations with more people than just their parents.Margaret Rudland, head teacher in Hammersmith,also thinks children must experience actual peerrelations.

Words: 700

Unit2

　weekday n. 工作日（星期六、日以外的日子）

　click vi. 发出"嘟"、"咔嗒"等轻微响声

n. 咔嗒声

　blast v. 1.发出猛烈响声 2.爆破 3.以炸药攻击

　forth ad. 出来; 向前

　horrible a. 可怕的；令人不悦的

　stuff n. 东西；材料

　rhythm n. 节奏; 韵律

▲weird a. 古怪的；离奇的

　definitely ad. 当然；无疑地

　powerful a. 1.有力的，强壮的 2.功效大的

　youngster n. 青少年; 青年

　musician n. 音乐师

　offensive a. 1.极讨厌的，令人作呕的 2.攻击性的

　disturb vt. 1.打扰, 妨碍 2.使不安，使烦恼

　grab vt. 抓取，攫取

　thorough a. 1.彻底的 2.认真的

　thoroughly ad. 仔细地；彻底地

　bang v. （使）撞击；（使）猛击, 使劲敲

　hustle vt. 催促；赶

　towel n. 毛巾

■T-shirt n. 圆领衫

　jeans n. 牛仔裤

　wrap vt. 包，裹

　sweater n. （羊）毛衣

■makeup n. 化妆品

　toast n. 烤面包

　instrument n. 1.乐器 2.工具

■yah interj. 表示讨厌、嘲笑、无耐心等发出的惊叹语

　disgust vt. 使厌恶，使反感

　disgusting a. 令人厌恶的，令人作呕的

　blouse n. 女衬衫

▲closet n. 壁柜

▲bug vt. 令人生气；使人烦； 纠缠

■eye-liner n. 眼线（笔）

　annoy n. 使生气; 使恼怒

■tattoo n. 纹身

　pierce v. 穿洞; 刺穿，刺破

　bolt vi. 冲出去，逃跑

vt. 闩，拴住

Phrases and Expressions

　blast forth （声音）突然响起来

　along with 一道

　turn off 关

　burst into 匆匆进入 突然爆发

　over and over 一次次

　reach for 伸手去抓

　turn up 增大（声音、火焰等）

　turn down 减小（声音、火焰等）

　as well as 和，以及，还有

　as usual 与往常一样

　turn on 开，打开

　that much 那么......

　bolt out 匆匆离开

▲sip v. 啜，呷， 小口地喝，抿

　honey n. 1.亲爱的，宝贝 2.蜂蜜

　upset a. 不安的，担心的；不舒服的

vt. 使心烦意乱，使苦恼，使不适; 使（人）不安

　knot n. 1.肿块, 节疤 2.结

　awful a. 糟糕的，极坏的

　fashion n. 时尚

　old-fashioned a. 不时髦的；陈旧的，过时的

　tune n. 调子；曲调；旋律

　tuneless a. 无旋律的；不动听的

◆lyric n. 歌词; 抒情诗

　repeatedly ad. 反复地，一次又一次

　appeal vi. 1.吸引, 有吸引力, 有感染力 2.呼吁，恳求

　rid vt. 从...中清除, 使摆脱，解除...的负担

▲distract vt. 分散注意力, 转移注意力，使分心

　section n. 部分

　lucky a. 幸运的, 侥幸的，吉利的

　teenager n. 青少年

　brow n. 1. 眉，眉毛 2. 额

◆eyebrow n. 眼眉

　identity n. 身份；本体

▲defy vt. （公然）违抗，藐视; 挑，激

▲expel vt. 把......除名，把......开除; 驱逐，赶走，放逐

　permanent a. 永久（性）的，固定的

　radical a. 彻底不同的，完全不同的, 根本不同的

n. 激进分子; 激进派

　painful a. 悲伤的；痛苦的

　identify vt. 1.认出，鉴定出 2.使与……相连

　negative a. 1.不好的；负面的 2.否定的

　influence n. 影响, 影响力

vt. （产生）影响

　concern n. 1.关心；担心 2.关切的事，有关的事

vt. 使不安；使担心

　anyway ad. 不论怎么，不管怎么说

▲moan vi. 1.呻吟 2.抱怨，发牢骚

　appointment n. 约会

▲briefcase n. 公文包

　mature v. （使）成熟；（使）长成

a. 长大了的；成熟的

　rebel vi. 反抗；反对, 反叛

　patience n. 耐心, 忍耐

　anchor n. 1.锚 2.可依靠的人或物

Phrases and Expressions

　in peace and quiet 平静地

　make one's blood boil 使（某人）生气

　get rid of 清除 驱赶；消除

　the knots in one's stomach 不安

　go too far 走极端

　drop out of 退出

　talk over 商量

A Busy Weekday Morning

( A BusyWeekday Morning)

The radioclicked on. Rock music blasted forth. Like a shot, the music wokeSandy. She looked at the clock; it was 6:15 A.M. Sandy sang alongwith the words as she lay listening to her favorite radiostation.

"Sandy,"shouted her father. "Sandy, turn that music off!" Steve Finch burstinto her room. "Why do you have to listen to such horrible stuff?It's the same thing over and over. I'm not sure it is really musicthough it does have rhythm. Hmmm. No, it isn't really music. It'sweird. It is definitely horrible stuff."

"I likethat music, Dad; it's my favorite group — Green Waves. Listen for aminute; I'm sure you'll like it. It has a really powerful message.Didn't you ever listen to music like this when you were ayoungster?" Sandy reached for the radio to turn it up louder.

"No, no,don't do that. I can't stand it . The music I listened to had amessage, too, but the words were clear and the musicians didn't usesuch offensive language. Turn that radio down so your mother and Ican't hear it. I'm sure that music is hurting your ears as well asyour brain. Now, would you please hurry up and turn it off? Getready for school or you'll be late!"

Sandywalked into the bathroom and turned on the shower. At first, thewater felt cold. It helped her wake up. Then, as the water gothotter, she thought, "This shower feels great and in here I can bealone and sing. No one disturbs me in here." She grabbed the soapand washed thoroughly, including her hair. If she stayed in theshower too long, her mom or dad usually banged on the door to rushher so she grabbed a towel and dried off.

After hershower, Sandy brushed her hair, put on her old, green T-shirt andsome jeans and wrapped her sweater around her shoulders. Then sheput on her makeup, grabbed her books and went to the kitchen.

Shelooked at the clock again; it was late. As usual, she didn't knowwhat to have for breakfast, so she grabbed a glass of milk and atea piece of toast while standing by the sink. Just then, her mother,Jane, entered the kitchen.

"Sandy,why don't you sit down and eat your breakfast? It isn't healthy toeat standing up."

"I know.Mom, but I'm already late for school. I don't have time to sit downand eat."

"Did youfinish your homework, dear?"

"Yes."

"Do youhave your instrument?"

"Uh-huh."

"And yourlunch?"

"Yah."

"Did youbrush your teeth?"

"Mom, Ihaven't finished eating breakfast yet. I'll brush my teeth when I'mdone."

"Youshould brush your teeth when you wake up and then brush them againafter breakfast. Sandy, why are you wearing that old T-shirt? It'sdisgusting. I know you have some nice blouses in your closet."

"Mom,please stop."

"Stopwhat, dear?"

"Stopbugging me."

"Sandy,are you wearing eye-liner?"?

"Yes,Mom, I've been wearing eye-liner for months. Isn't it pretty? It'scalled French Lilac Blue. I just love it." Sandy pretended not tonotice that her mother was a little annoyed.

"SandyFinch, you're too young to wear that much makeup. Please goupstairs and wash it off."

"Mom, I'mfifteen. I'm old enough to wear makeup. Believe me, all the girlsat school wear makeup. Some have tattoos and pierced ears, andnoses and tongues, too. Mom, I don't have time to talk about thisnow — I'm late. I've got to go. See you later." Sandy kissed hermother quickly on the cheek, picked up her books, and bolted out ofthe house.

As sheran to catch the school bus, Sandy thought of her older brotherBill who was away at college. He phoned her often so they couldtalk and share their problems, but she hadn't heard from him for awhile. She missed him. Since Bill had gone to college, her motherbugged Sandy much more than before, and she was arguing with hermother a lot more than usual, too.

Parent Talk

AfterSandy had left for school, Jane Finch sat down in peace and quietto drink her coffee. She sipped slowly and tried to read thenewspaper. Soon her husband joined her.

"Wouldyou like some coffee, Steve?" asked Jane.

"Nothanks, honey . My stomach feels upset — like it's full of knots .It's probably that awful music that wakes me up every morning. Idon't think I'm old-fashioned but hearing those tuneless ,offensive lyrics repeatedly makes my blood boil . There is nomessage to them either. I can't believe Sandy really likes thatstuff."

"Youknow, honey, different music appeals to different generations,"reasoned Jane. "Remember some of the music we listened to?"

Stevesmiled. "You're right. Maybe eating breakfast will help me get ridof some of the knots in my stomach ."

"I'll getyou some juice," she offered, starting to get up.

"That'sokay," said Steve. "I'll get it. You're reading."

"I'm notreally reading. I'm distracted . I've been thinking about Sandytoo."

Steveprepared his breakfast and then sat down with his wife. She gavehim a section of the newspaper and they both tried to read for afew moments. Then Jane broke the silence.

"Did younotice how much makeup our fifteen-year-old daughter was wearingthis morning? When I asked about it, she told me she's been wearingeyeliner for months. I can't believe I never noticed. I suppose weshould feel lucky because makeup is our biggest problem with her.I've seen other teenagers walking around town with tattoos andpiercings all over their bodies — in their eyebrows , their noses,everywhere. I suppose they're expressing their identity but it's sovery different from what we did."

"Is it sodifferent?" asked Steve. "I remember defying my parents when I grewmy hair long. Remember? It was so long it was down below myshoulders."

"And youalmost got expelled from school," added Jane.

"That'strue but my hair could be cut. These tattoos are permanent .Tattoos seem radical to me."

"Actually, tattoos can be removed," said Jane. "It's painful andexpensive but they can be removed. Every generation seems to needto identify itself."

"Whatworries me," said Steve, "is that music has a very negativemessage. It could have a negative influence on Sandy. I don't knowwhat's happening to our little girl. She's changing and I'mconcerned about her. Makeup, terrible music — who knows what willbe next? We need to have a talk with her. The news is full ofstories about teenagers in trouble whose parents hardly knowanything about their problems."

"Oh, Idon't think her music is so terrible. I like it." said Jane.

"You likeit? "

"You knowI like loud, weird music. Anyway , you're right. We need to have atalk with Sandy," agreed Jane.

Janeglanced at the clock. "Oh dear, I'm late!" she moaned . "I have torun or I'll be late for my first appointment ." She kissed herhusband quickly, picked up her briefcase , and started for thedoor.

"Bye,honey," called Jane.

"Bye,dear," answered Steve.

As JaneFinch drove to work, she thought about her children, Sandy andBill. "Sandy is beginning to mature ," shethought. "Soon she'll be datingand going out but I don't want her wasting her time talking on thephone and watching TV. I want her to do well in school and tocontinue her music. How can I tell her these things? I don't wanther to get angry with me. If I'm too strict, she'll rebel . I oftenworry she may rebel and go too far . So many young girls rebel,drop out of school and get into all kinds of trouble. Sometimesthey even run away from home. I wouldn't want that to happen toSandy."

Jane knewwhat she wanted to say, what she had to say to Sandy. She was soglad that she and Sandy could still talk things over . She knew shehad to have patience and keep the lines of communication with herdaughter open. She wanted to be there as an anchor for her but atthe same time she would give her her freedom to find her ownidentity.

Teenage Talk

Atschool, Sandy often went to the library with her best friend,Autumn, who came to America from Japan. They were in the samegrade, even though Autumn was a year older. They helped each otherwith homework, worked on research for classassignments and talked about their problems.

Sandyexplained her parents didn't like her makeup or her music and weregetting very strict. Autumn's parents made her study on Saturdaynights but Sandy didn't tell her parents. She didn't want to givethem any ideas!

Theteenagers shared many secrets, trusting each other entirely. Sandytold Autumn about her telephone conversations with her brotherBill. An only child, Autumn liked hearing about Sandy'sbrother.

Sandydidn't tell anyone Autumn had a boyfriend.

Autumn'sparents didn't permit her to date and insisted Autumn attendJapanese school on Saturdays. During lunch, she visited herboyfriend, Jackson, at an ice cream shop near where he worked.Autumn described Jackson as very funny, always telling jokes andmaking her laugh. After seeing Jackson, Autumn usually shared hisjokes with Sandy.

Autumnlooked sad.

"What'sthe matter, Autumn?" asked Sandy.

"I wish Icould really go out with Jackson, not just see him in secret. I donot often lie to my parents, but I have to lie about Jackson."

"Iunderstand," said Sandy, "but you're lucky. At least you have aboyfriend."

"I feellucky. He's so good looking, smart and funny. I really like him. Ijust wish I didn't have to keep secrets from my parents."

"I knowwhat you mean. My brother, Bill, has been calling me, but doesn'twant me to tell my parents."

"Whynot?" asked Autumn.

"He'shaving a really hard time in school — failing one of his reallydifficult classes. I'm worried about him."

"Maybeyour parents could help him. He should probably talk to them. Whatclass is it?"

"Higherlevel math. Math was never his best subject," answered Sandy.

"Healways seemed like a really bright person," said Autumn.

"That'sjust an act," said Sandy. "Bill has a really hard time payingattention. You and I help each other work things out and do a lottogether. Bill can't do that. He won't let anybody know he isn'tperfect. That's why he doesn't want me to say anything to ourparents, but they need to know. I promised I wouldn't tell them.What should I do? His grades are very low. If he fails, my parentswill be so upset."

"If youpromised, you can't tell. But he sounds like he needs help."

"You'reright, Autumn. He's mentioned dropping out of school. I'm soworried because my parents would feel terrible. I just don't knowwhat to do."

"I don'tget it. Why does he have to drop out? He's only failing one class,"said Autumn.

"He feelshe just doesn't fit in at college. He's very quiet, by himself anddoesn't like to go to parties too much. He likes to sit at home,listen to music, and draw. He's kind of a dreamer."

"Is hevery unhappy?" asked Autum quietly.

"I'm notsure," said Sandy. "When I ask, he says no, but sometimes hedoesn't really answer."

"That'sbrave — to ask," said Autumn.

" He's mybrother. I want to help him," Sandy said.

"Collegeisn't right for him because he doesn't like to study. But I can'ttell my parents because they go crazy when anything is notperfect," said Sandy.

"That'sprobably why he doesn't tell them," said Autumn."Sandy, this is a serious problem. He's in trouble and needs help —maybe more than you can give."

"Maybe weshouldn't talk like this, but I'm worried about him. It's so awfulwhen you have to keep secrets. I hate secrets," said Sandy.

"I dotoo," smiled Autumn, "but I'm glad you told me. My problem withJackson doesn't seem so bad now."

Sandysmiled at her friend. "I'm happy for you. I think you need to stopthinking about Jackson so much. If your parents find out, you'llhave a huge problem."

"You'reright. I'd better get going. I'll call you tonight at eighto'clock."

"OK.Thanks for listening."

"Noproblem."

Unit3

　lean vi. 1.倚；靠 2.倾斜；倾向；偏向

　balance n. 1.平衡；均衡 2.均势, 平衡

v. 1.(使) 平衡, (使) 均衡 2.权衡；比较

　severe a. 1.非常恶劣的；紧张的；困难的 2.严格的；严肃的；严厉的

　severely ad. 严格地；严厉地；非常恶劣地

▲cripple vt. 1.使跛；使残废 2.严重地损坏；削弱

n. 伤残人(或动物)

　inward a. 1.在内的；内部的（尤指在头脑中、精神上） 2.向内的

　inwardly ad. 内心或精神方面

　coordinate vt. 使协调

　halt v. 暂停；中断；中止

n. 暂停；中断；中止

　impatient a. 1.不能冷静地对待或等待的；易烦躁的；不耐心的2.急切的；渴望的

　pace n. 1.（尤指走或跑的）速度 2.进步或发展的速度（尤指某项活动的速度）

vi. 踱步, 慢步走

　adjust v. 1.使适应（新环境）；适应 2.调整；校准；调准

　subway n. 1.（城市中的）地下铁道2.（尤指马路或铁路下方的）地下通道；人行隧道

　despite prep. 尽管; 不管

▲nasty a. 1.令人不快的；令人厌恶的 2.不友善的；恶意的

　wagon n. 1.儿童手推车 2.四轮运货马（牛）车 3.铁路货车 (或客车)车厢

▲cling vi. 1.抱住；抓紧 2.坚持；坚守；拒不放弃；抱定

　rail n. 1. [C]横挡；栏杆；护栏 2. [C]（火车或电车的）铁轨

　hand-rail n. [C] （楼梯等的）扶手

　tunnel n. 地下通道；（为公路或铁路穿过山岭 河流或海底的）隧道

▲basement n. 地下室

　amaze vt. 使大为惊讶；使惊愕

　stress n. 1.（由于精神、体力不适或困境等造成的）压力；忧虑；紧张 2.强调；重视

vt. 1.强调, 重视 2.重读, 读重音

　complaint n. 1. 抱怨；诉苦 2.控告；投诉；抱怨

　envy n. 妒忌；羡慕

vt. 羡慕；妒忌

　envious a. 嫉妒的；羡慕的

　owner n. 物主；所有人

　precise a. 1.精确的；准确的；明白的；无误的 2.正好；就在

　precisely ad. 准确地；精确地；正好；恰恰

　engage v. 1.（使）从事；（使）忙于 2.雇用；聘用3.使全神贯注；引起（注意）；占用（时间）

　local a. 地方的；当地的；本地的

n. 当地人，本地人

　baseball n. 棒球运动；棒球

　occasion n. 1.（事件发生的）特定时刻；时机 2.（适当的）时机；机会

　punch v. 1.用拳猛击 2.用打孔机打孔

▲shove vi. 推；挤；撞

　aid n. 帮助；援助；救护

vt. 帮助, 援助

　unaided a. 无助的；独力的

　kid v. 1.开玩笑 2.欺骗；哄骗

n. 小孩或年轻人

　urge vt. 1.力劝 2. 鼓励；催促；鞭策

n. 强烈愿望, 迫切需求

　dive n. 1.（美俚）（拳击中）假装被击倒 2.跳水

vi. 跳水, 潜水

　navy n. 1.（一国的）海军 2.一个国家的军舰及其全体官兵

　reluctant a. 不愿意的；迟迟不合作的；不同意的

　reluctance n. 不愿；勉强

　worthy a. 1.值得尊敬的；值得考虑的2.值得......的；应......的；足以......的

　unworthy a. 1.不值得的；不配的2.（与......的身份、资格、性质）不适合的；不相称的

　complain vi. 抱怨；诉苦

▲trifle n. 无价值的或不重要的东西、问题、行动、琐事、小事

v. 轻视, 小看

Phrases and Expressions

　grow up 成长, 长大

　start out 出发

　make it 及时赶到

　even if 即使, 虽然

　subject to 使 ......遭受

　now that 既然

　even though 虽说, 即使

　in some way 以某种方式

　have a good time 过得愉快

　break out 爆发, 突然发生

　on leave 休假

　see to 照料; 务必做到, 务须

　elderly a. （指人）年龄相当大的；中年以上的

　collapse vi. 1.（指人）病倒；累倒；昏倒 2.倒塌；塌陷

n. 1.倒塌, 塌陷 2.昏倒; 崩溃

　ambulance n. 救护车

　county n. 1.（美国及其他国家）郡；县（州以下的行政区分）2.（英国最大行政单位）郡

　locate vt. 1.确定......的位置；找出......的位置2.（尤用于被动语态）位于

　emergency n. 紧急事件；紧急情况

　emergency-room n. (医院) 急诊室

　marine n. 海军陆战队的军官或士兵

a. 1.海里的, 海生的 2.海运的, 海事的

　apparent a. 1.明显的；显而易见的 2.外表的；表面上的；假的

　apparently ad. 外表上；表面上；看上去像

▲corps n. 军（由两个或两个以上的师组成）

　vehicle n. 陆上交通工具、车辆

▲marsh n. 沼泽（地带）；湿地

　military a. 军人的；军用的；陆军的；军事的；军队的

　sole a. 1.惟一的；独一无二的；仅有的2.（某人或某公司）专用的；独占的；不公用的

　enable vt. 1.（通过授予必要的权利和手段）使能够；使可以2.使成为可能

　dusk n. 黄昏；薄暮

　lobby n. 门廊；门厅；接待室

　dim a. 1.（指眼睛、视力）看不清楚的 2.微暗的；朦胧的

　dimly ad. 模糊地；朦胧地

　oxygen n. 氧；氧气

　extend v. 1.伸开；展开（身体或四肢）2.使（在空间或时间上）伸展；扩大；加大

▲limp a. 1.无力的；没精神的 2.柔软的；软弱的

vi. 一瘸一拐地走

　squeeze v. 1.压；挤；榨；紧握2.用力使进入（通过）狭窄或有限的空间；挤入；挤过

▲ward n. 1.病房 2. (尤指小孩)受监护人；受保护人

　occasional a. 1.偶尔的；偶然的；不经常的 2.应时的、应景的

　occasionally ad. 偶然地；有时

　tank n. 1.（盛液体或气体的）大容器；大箱；大罐 2.坦克

　laughter n. 笑；笑声

　staff n. 1.工作人员 2.掌权的人；做管理工作的人（与学生和工人相对）

　exchange vt. 1.交换；互换；交流 2.交换

　inform v. 1.通知；告诉；报告 2.控告

　sympathy n. 同情；怜悯

　interrupt vt. 1.打扰（通过插话或其他形式的干扰，打断某人的谈话或其他正在发生的事情。）2.使中断

▲startle vt. 使大吃一惊；使惊跳起来

　exit vi. 退出；（尤指演员）退场

n. 出口

　funeral n. 葬礼（土葬或火葬）

　personnel n. 1.人事部门；人事处2.职员；人员（指军职、公司或公职人员）

Phrases and Expressions

　come to 苏醒, 恢复知觉

　now and again 不时地, 有时候

　call for 要求

　set out 出发

　for a while 一会儿；有一段时间

　pay no attention to 不注意, 没加注意

　now and then 不时地, 有时候, 时时

　with that 接着, 于是

　on one's way to 在路上

　turn out 结果是, 证明是

A Good Heart to Lean On

(A Good Heart to LeanOn)

More thanI realized, Dad has helped me keep my balance.

When Iwas growing up, I was embarrassed to be seen with my father. He wasseverely crippled and very short, and when we walked together, hishand on my arm for balance, people would stare. I would inwardlystruggle at the unwanted attention. If he ever noticed or wasbothered, he never let on.

It wasdifficult to coordinate our steps — his halting, mine impatient —and because of that, we didn't say much as we went along. But as westarted out, he always said, "You set the pace. I will try toadjust to you."

Our usualwalk was to or from the subway on which he traveled to work. Hewent to work sick, and despite nasty weather. He almost nevermissed a day, and would make it to the office even if others couldnot. A matter of pride.

When snowor ice was on the ground, it was impossible for him to walk, evenwith help. At such times my sisters or I would pull him through thestreets of Brooklyn, N.Y., on a child's wagon with steel runners tothe subway entrance. Once there, he would cling to the hand-railuntil he reached the lower steps that the warmer tunnel air keptfree of ice. In Manhattan the subway station was the basement ofhis office building, and he would not have to go outside againuntil we met him in Brooklyn on his way home.

When Ithink of it now, I am amazed at how much courage it must have takenfor a grown man to subject himself to such shame and stress. And athow he did it — without bitterness or complaint.

He nevertalked about himself as an object of pity, nor did he show any envyof the more fortunate or able. What he looked for in others was a"good heart", and if he found one, the owner was good enough forhim.

Now thatI am older, I believe that is a proper standard by which to judgepeople, even though I still don't know precisely what a "goodheart" is. But I know the times I don't have one myself.

Unable toengage in many activities, my father still tried to participate insome way. When a local baseball team found itself without amanager, he kept it going. He was a knowledgeable baseball fan andoften took me to Ebbets Field to see the Brooklyn Dodgers play. Heliked to go to dances and parties, where he could have a good timejust sitting and watching.

On oneoccasion a fight broke out at a beach party, with everyone punchingand shoving. He wasn't content to sit and watch, but he couldn'tstand unaided on the soft sand. In frustration he began to shout,"I'll fight anyone who will sit down with me! I'll fight anyone whowill sit down with me!"

Nobodydid. But the next day people kidded him by saying it was the firsttime any fighter was urged to take a dive before the fightbegan.

I nowknow he participated in some things through me, his only son. WhenI played ball (poorly), he "played" too. When I joined the Navy, he"joined" too. And when I came home on leave, he saw to it that Ivisited his office. Introducing me, he was really saying, "This ismy son, but it is also me, and I could have done this, too, ifthings had been different." Those words were never said aloud.

He hasbeen gone many years now, but I think of him often. I wonder if hesensed my reluctance to be seen with him during our walks. If hedid, I am sorry I never told him how sorry I was, how unworthy Iwas, how I regretted it. I think of him when I complain abouttrifles, when I am envious of another's good fortune, when I don'thave a "good heart."

At suchtimes I put my hand on his arm to regain my balance, and say, "Youset the pace. I will try to adjust to you."

The Right Son at the Right

The storybegan on a downtown Brooklyn street corner. An elderly man hadcollapsed while crossing the street, and an ambulance rushed him toKings County Hospital. There, when he came to now and again, theman repeatedly called for his son.

From aworn letter located in his pocket, an emergency-room nurse learnedthat his son was a Marine stationed in North Carolina. Apparentlythere were no other relatives.

Someoneat the hospital called the Red Cross office in Brooklyn, and arequest for the boy to rush to Brooklyn was sent to the Red Crossdirector of the North Carolina Marine Corps camp. Because time wasshort — the patient was dying — the Red Cross man and an officerset out in an army vehicle. They found the young man walkingthrough some marshes in a military exercise. He was rushed to theairport in time to catch the sole plane that might enable him toreach his dying father.

It wasdusk when the young Marine walked into the entrance lobby of KingsCounty Hospital. A nurse took the tired, anxious serviceman to thebedside.

"Your sonis here," she said to the old man. She had to repeat the wordsseveral times before the patient's eyes opened. The medicine he hadbeen given because of the pain from his heart attack made his eyesweak and he only dimly saw the young man in Marine Corps uniformstanding outside the oxygen tent. He extended his hand. The Marinewrapped his strong fingers around the old man's limp ones,squeezing a message of love and encouragement. The nurse brought achair, so the Marine could sit by the bed.

Nightsare long in hospitals, but all through the night the young Marinesat there in the dimly-lit ward, holding the old man's hand andoffering words of hope and strength. Occasionally, the nurse urgedthe Marine to rest for a while. He refused.

Wheneverthe nurse came into the ward, the Marine was there, but he paid noattention to her and the night noises of the hospital — the bangingof an oxygen tank, the laughter of the night staff exchanginggreetings, the cries and moans and breathing of other patients. Nowand then she heard him say a few gentle words. The dying man saidnothing, only held tightly to his son through most of thenight.

It wasnearly dawn when the patient died. The Marine placed the lifelesshand he had been holding on the bed, and went to inform the nurse.While she did what she had to do, he smoked a cigarette, his firstsince he got to the hospital.

Finally,she returned to the nurse's station, where he was waiting. Shestarted to offer words of sympathy, but the Marine interrupted her."Who was that man?" he asked.

"He wasyour father," she answered, startled.

"No, hewasn't," the Marine replied. "I never saw him before in mylife."

"Whydidn't you say something when I took you to him?" the nurseasked.

"I knewimmediately there'd been a mistake, but I also knew he needed hisson, and his son just wasn't here. When I realized he was too sickto tell whether or not I was his son, I guessed he really neededme. So I stayed. "

Withthat, the Marine turned and exited the hospital. Two days later amessage came in from the North Carolina Marine Corps base informingthe Brooklyn Red Cross that the real son was on his way to Brooklynfor his father's funeral. It turned out there had been two Marineswith the same name and similar numbers in the camp. Someone in thepersonnel office had pulled out the wrong record.

But thewrong Marine had become the right son at the right time. And heproved, in a very human way, that there are people who care whathappens to their fellow men.

Love of Life

Two menwalked slowly, one after the other, through the low water of ariver. It ran cold over their feet. They had blanket packs on theirbacks; guns, but no bullets; matches, but no food.

Suddenlythe man behind fell over a stone, hurt his foot badly and called:"Hey, Bill, I've hurt my foot." Bill continued without lookingback.

The manwas alone but not lost in the empty land. He knew the way to camp,and its food and bullets. He struggled to his feet and limped on.He had not eaten for two days. He picked some small round,tasteless fruits. They did not satisfy, but he knew he must eatthem.

In theevening he built a fire and slept like a dead man. When he woke up,he took out a small bag weighing fifteen pounds. He wasn't sure hecould carry it any longer. But he couldn't leave it behind. He hadto take it with him. He put it back into his pack, rose to his feetand continued.

His foothurt, but it was nothing compared with his hunger, which made himgo on until darkness fell. His blanket was wet,but he knew only he was hungry. In his troubled sleep, he dreamedof rich meals. He woke up cold, sick and lost; the small bag wasstill with him. As he pulled himself along, the bag became heavierand heavier. He opened the bag, full of small pieces of gold. Heleft half the gold on a rock.

Elevencold, rainy days passed. Once he found some animal bones with nomeat on them. He broke them and ate them like an animal. Would he,too, be bones tomorrow? Why not? This was life. Only life hurt.There was no hurt in death. To die was to sleep. Then why was henot ready to die? He, as a man, no longer desired. Life in him,unwilling to die, drove him on.

Onemorning he woke up beside a river. Slowly he followed it with hiseyes and saw it emptying into a shining sea. When he saw a ship, heclosed his eyes. He knew there could be no ship, no sea, here. Animagined picture, he thought. Hearing a noise, he turned around. Awolf(狼), old and sick, was coming slowly toward him. This was real,he thought. He turned back; the sea and the ship were still there.He didn’t understand. Had he been walking north, away from thecamp, toward the sea? He started slowly toward the ship, knowingfull well the sick wolf was following him. In the afternoon, hefound the bones of a man. Beside the bones was a small bag of gold,like his own. Bill had carried his gold to the end; he would carryBill's gold to the ship. Ha-ha! He would have the last laugh onBill. His laughing sounded like the low cry of an animal. The wolfcried back. The man stopped suddenly and turned away. How could helaugh about Bill's bones and take his gold?

He wasvery sick, now. He inched about on hands and knees, having losteverything — his blanket, his gun, and his gold. Only the wolfstayed with him hour after hour. At last he could go no further. Hefell. The wolf came close to him, but the man was ready. He got ontop of the wolf and held its mouth closed and bit it with his laststrength. The wolf's blood flowed into his mouth. He held the wolfwith his teeth and killed it; then he fell on his back andslept.

The menon the ship saw a strange object lying on the beach. It was movingtoward them — perhaps twenty feet an hour. They went to look andcould hardly believe it was a man.

Threeweeks later, when he felt better, he told them his story. But therewas one strange thing: he feared there wasn't enough food on theship. They also noticed he was getting fat. They gave him lessfood, but still he grew fatter with each day. Then one day they sawhim put some bread under his shirt. They searched his bed and foundfood under his blanket. They understood.

Words:722

Unit4

　impression n. 1.印象，效果 2.感觉，感想

　conscious n. 1.感觉到，意识到 2.处于清醒状态，有知觉的

　consciously ad. 意识到地，感觉到地，神志清楚地

　unconsciously ad. 无意识地，无感觉地，神志不清地

　self-conscious a. 1.不自然的，难为情的，忸怩的2.有自我意识的

　self-consciousness n. 害羞，忸怩

　attitude n. 1.姿势，姿态 2.态度，看法

　reaction n. 1.反应 2.反应，作用

　range v. 1.（在一定幅度或范围内）变动，变化 2.排列，把……排成行

n. 1.种类；广泛（性） 2. 射程； 距离，范围

　introduction n. 1.介绍，（正式）引见2.引进，采用

▲spouse n. 配偶（指夫或妻）

　interview n. 1.（对求职者等的）面谈，面试 2.（记者等的）采访，访谈

vt. 对......进行面谈（或面试）；对......采访

　encounter n. 意外（或偶然）相遇

vt. 遇到，遭遇(尤指危险或困难)

　focus v. 使（注意力）集中

▲persuasion n. 说服，劝说

　persuasive a. 有说服力的，能说得使人相信的

　presentation n. 表现，描述

　physical a. 1.身体的，肉体的 2.物质的，有形的，实物的

　appearance n. 1.外观，外貌，外表 2.出现

　rate n. 1.速度，速率 2.比率，率

　pitch n. （说话等）声音（或音调）的高低度；音高

　tone n. 音调，音

　gesture n. 手势，示意动作

　absorb vt. 1.吸引……的注意力，使……感兴趣 2.吸收

▲stride vi. 大踏步走，阔步行进

n. 大步; 步态, 步法

　impress vt. 给……深刻的印象，使钦佩

　consistent a. 1.一贯的 2.一致的

　consistently ad. 一贯地，一直

　speaker n. 演讲者，演说家

　depress vt. 使抑郁，使沮丧

　audience n. 观众，听众

　contact n. 1.接触 2.接触，联系，交往

　relax v. 使(困难等) 减少；(使) 休息，放松

■lighten v. 减轻, 放松

　entertainment n. 娱乐，供消遣的东西

　roar vi. 大声叫喊，咆哮

　humor (英 humour) n. 幽默，诙谐

▲brood v. （不快或怨忿地）想；忧伤；考虑

Phrases and Expressions

　make up one's mind 下定决心，打定主意

　range from... to... 从... 到... （范围或幅度内）变化

　focus on 使（注意力）集中在

　drive someone crazy 逼得某人发疯，或受不了

　at one's best 处于最佳状态，在全盛时期

　communicate with 与......交谈，与......交流

　lighten up 放松，不要生气

　take ...seriously 认真地对待某人或某事

　statement n. 说话，叙述，声明

　snap a. 迅速的，突然的

　judgment n. 1.看法，意见 2.判断力，识别力

▲seemingly ad. 从表面上看起来；似乎是

　instant a. 立即的，即刻的，瞬间发生的

　action n. 行为

　assume vt. 假定，想当然认为，臆断

▲acquaint vt. 使认识，使了解

　behavior (behaviour) n. 行为，举止

　behavioral (behavioural) a. （关于）行为的；行为科学的

　estimate vt. 估计，判断

　overestimate v. 过高估计，过高评价

　obvious a. 显然的，明显的

　partial a. 部分的，不完全的

　partially ad. 部分地，不完全地

　account v. 作出解释，提出理由，说明

n. 1.记述，描述，报告 2.账户，交易关系

　rub vt. 擦，摩擦

　aggressive a. 1.活跃有为的，积极进取的 2.挑衅的，侵略的

　passive a. 被动的，消极的

▲resent v.（尤指因感到委屈、伤害等）对......表示忿恨，对......怀恨，怨恨

　resentful a. 充满忿恨的，怨恨不止的

　function n. 功能，作用，机能

　social a. 1.一定社会地位的 2. 社会的

　status n. 地位，身份

▲aspiration n. (常用复数 ) 强烈的愿望，志向

　project vt. 1.表明......特征，使呈现特性 2.打算，计划

n. 1.计划，规划 2.（学术交流的）课题，作业，科研项目

　promote vt. 1.提升，晋升 2.促进，增进

▲ornament n. 装饰品，点缀品

　medal n. 奖牌，奖章，勋章

　jewel n. 宝石，宝石饰物，首饰

　conviction n. 坚定的信仰；确信

　campaign n. 运动

　belief n. 1.信念，信仰 2.相信，信任

　religious a. 1.宗教的，宗教上的 2.笃信宗教的，虔诚的

▲token n. 标志，象征

　membership n. 会员身份，会员资格

▲badge n. 徽章，证章；标记，标识

　achievement n. 成就，成绩

　economic a. 经济的，经济上的

　architecture n. 建筑式样，建筑风格

　rigid a. 严格死板的，苛严的

▲norm n. 准则

　style n. 样式，风格

　life-style n. 生活方式

Phrases and Expressions

　lack of 缺乏，不足

　find out 找出，查明，发现

　actions speak louder than words行动比言语更响亮；事实胜于雄辩

　in relation to 有关，关于

　become /be acquainted with 与... 相识，了解

　pick up 获得 学会

　in part 在某种程度上；部分

　account for 作出解释，提出理由，说明

　be /feel at home 感到无拘束，感到熟悉

　be content with 对......感到满足

　a wealth of 大量的，丰富的

How to Make a Good Impression

(How toMake a GoodImpression)

Researchshows we make up our minds about people through unspokencommunication within seven seconds of meeting them. Consciously orunconsciously, we show our true feelings with our eyes, faces,bodies and attitudes, causing a chain of reactions, ranging fromcomfort to fear.

Thinkabout some of your most unforgettable meetings: an introduction toyour future spouse, a job interview, an encounter with a stranger.Focus on the first seven seconds. What did you feel and think? Howdid you "read" the other person? How do you think he read you?

You arethe message. For 25 years I've worked with thousands who want to besuccessful. I've helped them make persuasive presentations, answerunfriendly questions, communicate more effectively. The secret hasalways been you are the message.

Otherswill want to be with you and help you if you use your goodqualities. They include: physical appearance, energy, rate ofspeech, pitch and tone of voice, gestures, expression through theeyes, and the ability to hold the interest of others. Others forman impression about you based on these.

Think oftimes when you know you made a good impression. What made yousuccessful? You were committed to what you were talking about andso absorbed in the moment, you lost all self-consciousness.

Beyourself. Many how-to books advise you to stride into a room andimpress others with your qualities. They instruct you to greet themwith "power handshakes" and tell you to fix your eyes on the otherperson. If you follow all this advice, you’ll drive everyone crazy— including yourself.

The trickis to be consistently you, at your best. The most effective peoplenever change from one situation to another. They’re the samewhether they're having a conversation, addressing their garden clubor being interviewed for a job. They communicate with their wholebeing; the tones of their voices and their gestures match theirwords.

Publicspeakers, however, often send mixed messages. My favorite is thekind who say, "Ladies and gentlemen. I'm very happy to be here" —while looking at their shoes. They don't look happy. They lookangry, frightened or depressed.

Theaudience always believe what they see over what they hear. Theythink, "He's telling me he's happy, but he's not. He's not beinghonest."

Use youreyes. Whether you’re talking to one person or one hundred, alwaysremember to look at them. Some people start to say something whilelooking right at you, but three words into the sentence, they breakeye contact and look out the window.

As youenter a room, move your eyes comfortably; then look straight atthose in the room and smile. Smiling is important. It shows you arerelaxed. Some think entering a room full of people is like goinginto a lion's cage. I disagree. If I did agree, I certainlywouldn't look at my feet or at the ceiling. I'd keep my eyes on thelion!

Lightenup. Once in a staff meeting, one of the most powerful chairmen inthe entertainment industry became very angry over tiny problems,scolded each worker and enjoyed making them fear him. When he gotto me, he shouted, "And you, Ailes, what are you doing?"

I said,"Do you mean now, this evening or for the rest of my life?" Therewas a moment of silence. Then the chairman threw back his head androared with laughter. Others laughed too. Humor broke the stress ofa very uncomfortable scene.

If I hadto give advice in two words, it would be "lighten up"! You canalways see people who take themselves too seriously. Usually theyare either brooding or talking a great deal about themselves.

Take agood hard look at yourself. Do you say "I" too often? Are youusually focused on your own problems? Do you complain frequently?If you answered yes to even one of these questions, you need tolighten up. To make others comfortable, you have to appearcomfortable yourself. Don't make any huge changes; just beyourself. You already have within you the power to make a goodimpression, because nobody can be you as well as you can.

(707words)

Body Language

"I likedhim the minute I saw him!" "Before she even said a word, I knewthere was something funny about her." Such statements are examplesof "snap judgments";, opinions which are formed suddenly, seeminglyon no sound reason at all. Most people say snap judgments areunsound or even dangerous. They also admit they often make snapjudgments and find them to be fairly sound.

Snapjudgments like "love at first sight" or "instant hate", if takenseriously, have usually been considered signs of immaturity or lackof common sense. When someone "has a feeling" about someone else,people more often laugh than pay attention. Most people think youfind out about a person by listening to what he says over a periodof time. Others say "actions speak louder than words," usually inrelation to keeping promises, paying bills or sending moneyhome.

Becausepeople assume "you are what you say you are", they talk a lot tobecome acquainted with each other. Once two people have becomeacquainted, they think it was their conversation that gave themtheir information about each other.

Asbehavioral sciences develop, however, researchers find theimportance of speech has been overestimated. Although speech is themost obvious form of communication, we do use other forms of whichwe may be only partially aware or, in some cases, completelyunaware. It is possible we are unconsciously sending messages withevery action, messages which are unconsciously picked up by othersand used in forming opinions. These unconscious actions andreactions to them may in part account for our "feelings" and "snapjudgments".

Wecommunicate a great deal, researchers have found, with our bodies —by the way we move, sit, stand and what we do with our hands andheads. Imagine a few people sitting in a waiting room: one istapping his fingers on his briefcase, another keeps rubbing hishands together, another is biting his fingernails, still anothergrabs the arms of his chair tightly and one keeps running hisfingers through his hair. These people aren't talking but they're"saying" a lot if you know the "body language" they're using.

Two ofthe most "telling" forms of behavior are driving a car and playinggames. Notice a person's reaction to stress in these situations andto aggressive behavior in others. Those who easily become angry,excited, passive or resentful when driving or playing may be givinginsights into the inside self.

Whileclothing serves a purely practical function, how you dress alsocommunicates many things about your social status, state of mindand even your aspirations and dreams. The eleven-year-old girl whodresses like a college student and the forty-year-old woman whodresses like a teenager are saying something through what theywear. What you communicate through your kind of dress definitelyinfluences others to accept the picture of yourself you areprojecting: in the business world, the person who dresses like asuccessful manager is most likely to be promoted into a managingposition.

Alsoimportant are the ornaments a person wears: buttons, medals,jewels, etc. Such ornaments are often the means by which a personannounces a variety of things about himself: his convictions(campaign buttons), his beliefs ( religious tokens ), hismembership in certain groups ( club pins or badges ), his pastachievements (college ring or Phi Beta Kappa key) and his economicstatus (diamonds).

Anothersign of a person’s nature is said to be found in his choices inarchitecture and furniture. A person who would really like to livein a castle would probably be more at home in the Middle Ages.Those who like Victorian family houses and furniture might secretlywelcome a return to more rigid social norms. People who are contentwith modern design are probably comfortable with modernlife-styles.

When yousee a person for the first time, even though he doesn't speak toyou, you begin watching him — his actions, his attitude, hisclothing and many other things. There's a wealth of informationthere if you know how to "read" it. Perhaps snap judgments aren'tso unsound after all.

(688words)

Gestures

A smileis a strong sign of a friendly and open attitude and a willingnessto communicate. It is a positive, silent sign sent with the hopethe other person will smile back. When you smile, you show you havenoticed the person in a positive way. The other person considers ita compliment (敬意) and will usually feel good. The result? Thatperson will usually smile back.

Smilingdoes not mean you have to put on a false face or pretend you arehappy all of the time. When you see someone you know, or would liketo make contact with, smile. You are showing an open attitude toconversation.

You mightnot realize a closed position is the cause of many conversationalproblems. A common closed position is sitting with your arms andlegs crossed and your hand covering your mouth or chin (下巴). Thisis often called the "thinking pose (姿势)". Ask yourself thisquestion: Are you going to interrupt someone who appears to be deepin thought? This position gives off "stay away" signs and preventsyour main "sign sender" (your mouth) from being seen by otherslooking for inviting conversational signs. Without these invitingsigns, others will most likely stay away from you and look forsomeone who appears to be ready for contact.

Toimprove this habitual way of standing or sitting, start by keepingyour hands away from your mouth, and keep your arms uncrossed.Crossed arms may show a rigid state of mind, not especiallyinviting to outside contact. They can also show a lack of patience,displeasure, or judgment — any of which would prevent people fromopening up.

The openbody position is most effective when you place yourself withincommunicating distance of the other person — that is, within aboutfive feet. Take care, however, not to enter someone's "personalspace" by getting too close, too soon.

Leaning(靠) forward a little while a person is talking shows your interestand shows you are listening to what the person is saying. By doingthis, you are saying: I hear what you're saying, and I'm interested— keep talking! This is usually a compliment that will encouragehim to continue talking.

Oftenpeople will lean back with their hands over their mouth, chin, orbehind their head in the "thinking" pose. This position gives offsigns of judgment, doubt, and lack of interest from the listener.Since most people do not feel comfortable when they think they arebeing judged, this leaning-back position serves to prevent thespeaker from continuing. It's far better to lean forward a littlein a relaxed and natural way.

In manycultures the most common form of first contact between two peopleis a handshake. This is true when meeting members of the same oropposite sex — and not just in work, but in social situations, too.In nearly every situation, a warm and firm handshake is a safe andpositive way of showing an open and friendly attitude toward thepeople you meet.

Be thefirst to extend your hand in greeting. Couple this with a friendly'Hello', a nice smile, and your name and you have made the firststep to open the lines of communication between you and anotherperson.

Thestrongest gestures are sent through the eyes. Direct eye contactshows you are listening to the other person, and that you want toknow about her.

Eyecontact should be natural, not forced or overdone. Have shortperiods of eye contact while you watch other parts of the person'sface — especially the mouth. When the person smiles, be sure tosmile back. But always make an effort to return your gaze (注视) tothe person’s eyes as she speaks. It is common to look up, down, andall around when speaking to others, and not have eye contact at alltimes.

Too mucheye contact, especially if it is forced, can work against you. Ifyou stare at a person, or leer (斜视) in a suspicious (怀疑的) way, theother person may feel uncomfortable and even suspicious about yourintent (意图). A fixed stare can seem like aggressive behavior if itis a challenge as to who will look away first.

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Unit5

　acquire vt. 获得；学到

▲immune a. 1.免疫的 2.免除的

▲deficiency n. 不足，缺乏;缺点,缺陷

◆syndrome n. （具有共同性的性质，事件，症状等的）集合

▲diagnose vt. 诊断; 判断

　infect vt. 1.感染 2.影响

　virus n. 病毒

　rural a. 农村的

　constitute vt. 组成

　segment n. 部分

　alarm n. 惊慌；警报

vt. 1.使惊慌，使担心 2.使惊恐,使担心

　federal a. 联邦的，联邦制的

　implement vt. 实施，执行

　organization (英organisation) n. 1.组织2.组织，安排

　emerge vi. 出现

　network n. 网络

　combat vt. 斗争

n. 斗争

　resource n. 资源

　creative a. 创造性的; 有创造力的

　creatively ad. 创造性地;有创造力地

　client n. 1.当事人 2.顾客

　video n. 录像，录像机

　publication n. 1.公布，发表；出版，发行2.出版物

　educate v. 教育

　educational a. 教育的

　educator n. 教育工作者；教育家

　recently ad. 最近

　southeast n. 东南

▲literacy n. 文化；识字

　low-literacy n. 低文化水平

　literature n. 1.文学 2.资料

　solve vt. 解决，解答

　create vt. 创造

　illustrate vt. 说明

　relate vt. 1.讲述 2.将... ...联系起来

　establish vt. 建立, 创办

■buster n. 克星

　risk n. 危险，风险

vt. 冒着... ... 的危险

　adult n. 成年（人或动物）

　pressure n. 压力

　define vt. 下定义，描述

　redefine vt. 重新考虑

　background n. 出身背景, 经历;背景资料

▲plague vt. 缠绕，烦扰

n. 瘟疫,鼠疫; 灾难,祸患

　establishment n. 1.机构,企业2.建立,确立；确定

　emphasize (英emphasise) vt. 强调

　regardless a. 无论如何

　solution n. 解决,解答

　crisis n. 危机

　represent vt. 1.表示, 表明 2.作为......的代表(或代理)

▲epidemic n. 流行病；传染病的蔓延

　threaten v. 扬言；威胁

　racial a. 种族的

　efficiency n. 效率

　inefficiency n. 效率低下，无效

Phrases and Expressions

　be infected with 感染(疾病)

　in place of 代替

　suffer from 受... ...之苦,患(某种疾病)

　pass out 分发; 晕倒

　as a result 因此,结果

　at risk 有危险,有风险

　regardless of 不顾,不管

　the solution to ......的解答; 解决(解答)......的办法

　threaten to do sth. 扬言要......

　distract ... from 使分心

　sign up 报名参加; 签约参加工作(或组织)

▲commence v. 开始

　thrust v. 推，冲

　apart ad. 1.分开地2.除了......之外

　initial a. 起初的，开始的

　initially ad. 开始地，起先

　intense a. 强烈的

　bleed vi. 流血

　haste n. 匆忙

　approach vt. 靠近,接近

n. 1.靠近,接近 2.途径 3.方式,方法

　trial n. 1.1. (pl.)【体】预赛，选拔赛 2.实验，检验3.审判

　significant a. 重要的

■endanger vt. 危及,使遭受危险

　spill v. 溅出，溢出

　adopt vt. 1.收养 2.采取, 采用

　adoption n. 1.收养 2.运用,使用,采用

　gym (gymnasium) n. 体操, 体育训练；体育馆

　explore vt. 1.探索，探讨2.探讨，仔细研究

　mug vt. 抢劫

　prior a. 先前的；预先的

　platform n. 1.讲台，舞台2.跳板

　spring-board (springboard) n.（游泳池）跳水板

　mostly ad. 主要地

　unfortunately ad. 不幸的是；遗憾地

　coach n. 教练

vt. 训练； 指导, 辅导

　assist vt. 帮助，协助

　leader n.处于领先地位的人或事物，领袖，领导

　triumph n. 胜利，成功

vi. 获胜， 成功；击败

　gay n. （尤指男）同性恋者

　partner n. 伴侣;伙伴

　confuse vt. 弄错,使困惑；混淆

　vapor n. 蒸气

　vaporize vi. 变成蒸气

　compete vi. 竞争,比赛

　scare vt. 吓坏，使惊恐

　repetition n. 重复

　confident a. 自信的，相信的

　score-board n.(体育比赛)记分牌

　leap vi. 跳跃

　quit vt. 放弃，停止

vi. 离职,辞职

　professional a. 职业的

　professionally ad. 职业地;专业地

Phrases and Expressions

　in haste 匆忙

　prior to 在......之前

　make it 成功地做某事

　start with 从......开始

　assist (sb. with) sth. 帮助做某事

The Battle Against AIDS

AcquiredImmune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was diagnosed in the UnitedStates in the late 1970s. Since then, AIDS has killed more than204,000 Americans — half in the past few years alone. Another185,000 of the one million infected with the HIV virus are alsoexpected to die.

Nearlyhalf of those diagnosed with the virus are blacks and Latinos.Women and youth in rural Southern communities now constitute thefastest growing segment of people with AIDS.

Despitesuch alarming numbers, the federal and state governments have beenslow in implementing programs to stop the spread of AIDS. In placeof government inactivity, a number of local organizations haveemerged.

Oneorganization, the South Carolina AIDS Education Network, formed in1985 to combat the growing number of AIDS cases. Like many localorganizations, this organization suffers from a lack of money,forcing it to use its resources creatively. To reach more people inthe community, some AIDS educational programs operate out of abeauty shop.

The ownerhands out AIDS information to all her clients when they enter theshop and shows videos on AIDS prevention while they wait for theirhair to dry. She also keeps books and other publications around socustomers can read them while waiting for their appointments. It'samazing how many people she has educated on the job.

Recently,the network began helping hair stylists throughout the Southeastset up similar programs in their shops. They are also valuableresources in spreading information to their schools, communitygroups, and churches.

Theorganization has developed several techniques useful to othergroups doing similar work. While no one way of winning the waragainst AIDS exists, the network shares these lessons learned inits battle against AIDS:

Speak toyour community in a way they can hear. Many communities have a lowliteracy rate, making impossible passing out AIDS literature andexpecting people to read it. To solve this problem, ask people inthe community who can draw well to create low-literacy AIDSeducation publications.

Thesebooks use simple, hand-drawn pictures of "sad faces" and "happyfaces" to illustrate ways people can prevent AIDS. They also showpeople who look like those we need to educate, since people canrelate more when they see familiar faces and language they canunderstand. As a result, such books actually have more effect inthe communities where they are used than government publications,which cost thousands of dollars more to produce.

Trainteenagers to educate their peers. Because AIDS is spreading fastestamong teenagers in the rural South, the stylists have establishedan "AIDS Busters"; program which trains youth from 8 to 26 to gointo the community and teach "AIDS 101" to their peers. They makeit simple and explain the risk of catching AIDS to friends theirown age much better than an adult can. They also play a vital rolein helping parents understand the types of peer pressure theirchildren experience.

Redefine"at risk"; to include women from different backgrounds and marriagestatus. One woman's doctor told her she was not at risk for AIDSbecause she was married and didn't use drugs. Such misinformationplagues the medical establishment. According to the Centers forDisease Control, women will soon make up 80 percent of thosediagnosed with HIV.

Thestylists also emphasize that everyone is at risk and that all of ushave a right to protect ourselves — regardless of marriagestatus.

Theselessons are not the only solutions to the crisis but until there isa cure for AIDS, education represents the only safe measure toguard against the virus.

Like noother plague before, the AIDS epidemic threatens to wipe out anentire generation and leave another without parents. We must notlet cultural, racial, or social barriers distract us from the jobthat must be done. Nor can we let political inefficiency stop usfrom our task. This is an undeclared war that everyone must sign upfor in order for us to win. We simply cannot let people continue todie because we don't feel comfortable talking about AIDS. Everyonemust become an educator and learn to live.

The Last Dive at the Olympics

I climbedthe ladder, heard my dive announced, and commenced the moves thatwould thrust me into the air. Pushing off the diving board with mylegs, I lifted my arms and shoulders back, and knew immediately Iwould be close to the board and might hit my hands. I tried tocorrect myself as I turned, spreading my hands wide apart. Then Iheard a strange sound and my body lost control. Moments later Irealized I had hit my head on the board.

Initially, I felt embarrassment. I wanted to hide, to get out ofthe pool without anyone seeing me. Next I feltintense fear. Had I cut my head? Was I bleeding? Was there blood inthe pool? Swimming to the side, I noticed many shocked faces.People were worried about my head; I was worried about somethingfar more threatening. An official examined my head. In haste, Ipushed him away, and everyone else who approached me. "Don't touchme!" I felt like screaming. "Get away from me!"

Thesewere the trials for the 1988 Olympics in Seoul, Korea. Until thisdive, I had been ahead. But now, something else was moresignificant than winning. I might have endangered other divers'lives if I had spilled blood in the pool. For what I knew — thatfew others knew — was that I was HIV-positive.

Accordingto my mother, my natural parents were Samoan and only teenagerswhen I was born, so they gave me up for adoption. When I was onlyeighteen months old, I started gym classes. At ten, I exploreddoing gym exercises off the diving board at the pool.

Becauseof my dark skin, kids at school called me names; I often got muggedcoming home from school. My diving made me feel good about myselfwhen my peers made me feel stupid. In the seventh grade, I startedtaking drugs.

Atsixteen, I knew I had a shot at the 1976 Olympics. At the trials,one month prior to the finals, I took first place on the ten-meterplatform and on the springboard! This was surprising because I hadtrained mostly on the platform. In the finals, I won the silvermedal for the platform. Unfortunately, I wasn't happy. Instead, Ifelt I failed because I hadn't won the gold. After that, I startedtraining with Ron O'Brien, a well-known Olympic diving coach. Ronunderstood me and assisted my working more intensely. I soon becamethe international leader in diving. In the 1984 Olympics, I won twogold medals, one for platform, one for spring-board. This was anenjoyable triumph.

No oneknew then I was gay, except Ron and a few friends. I feared beinghated if people found out. Four years later, while preparing forthe 1988 Olympics in Seoul, I learned my partner had AIDS. I had toaccept I might be HIV-positive or have AIDS, too. When my HIV testresults returned positive, I was shocked and confused. Was I dying?Was my shot at the '88 Olympics vaporized? What should I do? Duringthis very difficult time, I couldn't tell anyone for fear Iwouldn't be able to compete in the Olympics if people learned I wasHIV-positive.

Everyonewas alarmed when I hit my head on the board at the trials in Seoul.Regardless, I made it into the finals. When we practiced the nextmorning, my coach made me start with the dive I'd hit my head on.At first, I was scared, but Ron made me do it six times. With eachrepetition, I felt more confident.

During mylast dive in the finals, I enjoyed for the last time the quietnessunderwater and then swam to the side of the pool. Afraid to look atthe score-board, I watched Ron's face. Suddenly he leaped into theair, the crowd cheered, and I knew I'd won — two gold medals, onefor the three-meter springboard, one for the ten-meter platform.None knew how hard it had been, except Ron and the friends I'd toldI was HIV-positive.

AIDSforced me to stop diving; I had to quit diving professionally afterthe Olympics.

International Joint Efforts Against AIDS

Theuniting of the world around the AIDS epidemic is without priorexample. As the number of AIDS cases around the world rapidlyincreases, nations are showing great focus in battling this commonenemy — attacking rich and poor countries the same.

By 1989,almost every nation on earth had established a program educatingits people about AIDS, according to Jonathan Mann, director of theWorld Health Organization's (WHO) International Program on AIDS. Atthat time, 143 countries had reported one or more AIDS cases.

Inaddition to national AIDS programs, working togetherinternationally has begun. Through open exchanges of scientificfacts as well as support of international organizations such as theWorld Health Organization, all nations can join efforts to fightagainst this life-threatening disease. According to WHO, thisinternational effort has produced two critical developments: first,there is an amazing level of world-wide focus, using worldscientists and international sharing of human and economicresources to fight AIDS. Second, the work of governments,organizations, and businesses has been followed by the very highactivity of people — as singles, families, and communities.

TheInfluence of AIDS

The riseof acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) around the earth hasrepresented a major challenge to medical progress both in developedand in less — developed countries. The past forty years saw greatsuccess in the control of spreading diseases and great stridestoward achieving "health for all by the year 2000" (a major WHOgoal) through improved basic health care, food, cleanliness, andimmunization(免疫) programs.

Yet,because of its sudden start and rapid spread, AIDS could soon wipeout this progress. By the end of 1988, more than 130,000 cases ofAIDS were reported, but, because of under reporting, there mayactually be more than 350,000 cases. Also, at least five millionpersons likely have the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (艾滋病病毒),which causes AIDS. That means as many as 400,000 new cases of AIDScould occur in the next few years — more than doubling the presenttotal. Caring for AIDS patients could seriously stress economicresources even in richer countries.

Preventing one case of AIDS means preventing many future cases,while preventing a case of measles(麻疹) or malaria(疟疾) in Africawould have little effect on its spreading, since those diseases arealready common in many countries. Resourcesdevoted to AIDS testing, care, and education could also be used tobattle other, more-known diseases in developing countries.

Stoppingthe Spread

AIDSspreads only in limited ways and can be prevented through informedand mature behavior. Encouraging such behavior depends onunderstanding the different ways AIDS is spread around the world.AIDS spreads in three basic ways: first, through sexualintercourse(性交); second, through contact with diseased blood; andthird from an HIV mother to her baby. The actual patterns ofspreading of the AIDS virus change from culture to culture.

Spreadingof AIDS in North America, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealandand parts of Latin America occurs most often among homosexual(同性恋)or bisexual(双性恋) men and intravenous (IV) (静脉内注射的) drug users(吸毒者),most often in city areas. Heterosexual(异性之间的) spreading is low, butthere is danger that the spread of AIDS from male(男性) IV-drug usersto their female(女性) partners could increase the appearance of AIDSin the heterosexual population.

Insub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, particularly the Caribbean,most cases occur among heterosexuals, and spreading frommother-to-child is common. Spreading through homosexual contact andIV-drug use almost does not exist.

InEastern Europe, northern Africa, the eastern Mediterranean, Asia,and most of the Pacific, fewer cases of AIDS, usually among drugusers, have been reported thus far. The WHO estimates that Bangkok,Thailand IV-drug users having the AIDS virus increased from lessthan 1 percent in August 1987 to 30 percent one year later.

ReachingOut

WHObelieves that, as AIDS becomes more common, the disease promises tounite the world to a degree never seen before. In just two years,the international plan against AIDS has grown from ideas topractice, from speeches to action. WHO is certain that, together,we will triumph over AIDS rather than allow the disease and thefears, worries, and prejudices(偏见) which go with it to overpowerus.

Unit6

　widow n. 寡妇

　considerable a. 相当的

　considerably ad. 相当地，很多

　underline vt. 1.划横线 2.强调；使突出

　quotation n. 1.语录，引语 2.报价

　cabin n. 小屋

▲album n. 相册

　bride n. 新娘

◆groom n. 新郎

▲blur n. 模糊的影子

vt. 使模糊

　file vi. 1. 一个接一个地走 2.提出

vt. 1.归档 2.提出（申请等）

n. 1.汇存的文件 2.文件夹，文件箱 3.纵列

　colleague n. 同事

　mate n. 伙伴

　schoolmate n. 同学

　cheerful a. 幸福的，高兴的

　surround vt. 包围

　sympathize (英sympathise) vi. 同情

　sympathizer(英sympathiser) n. 同情者

　congratulate vt. 祝贺

■portly a. 胖的

　disappear vi. 消失

　depart vi. 离开

　loan vt. 借给，贷给

n. 贷款

■honeymoon n. 蜜月

　lodge n. 小屋

vi. 住宿；投宿

▲oak n. 橡树

　recall vt. 回忆，回想

　convey vt. 传达

　respond vi. 回答；反应

　scan vt. 仔细察看；扫描

▲bulletin n. 公告； 简明新闻

　grand a. 1.高级的，大的 2.好的，妙的

　grandchild n. （外）孙子（孙女）

▲knit v. 编织

　glove n. 手套

　peculiar a. 1.奇怪的 2.特别的

　peculiarly ad. 1.奇怪地 2.特别地

▲assert vt. 断言；主张

　responsibility n. 责任, 责任心

　restrain vt. 抑制

　anniversary n. 周年（纪念日）

　curiosity n. 好奇

　regarding prep. 有关

　accidental a. 意外的

　accidentally ad. 意外地

　mission n. 使命，任务

　fade v. 1.使褪色 2.逐渐消失

▲napkin n. 餐巾（纸）

▲spy n. 密探，侦探；间谍

v. 侦察

　novel n. 长篇小说

▲messenger n. 信使

　nearby a.&ad. 附近

　whoever pron. 1.无论谁，不管谁 2.任何人

Phrases and Expressions

　share with 分享

　be a part of 一部分，一份

　fill with 充满

　define as 界定， 定义为

　mistake for 误当作

　fill one's need 满足需要

　bring up 提起

　save from 保留；抢救；免于

　trash n. 垃圾

　trashman n. 垃圾工

　trashcan n. 垃圾桶

▲haul vt. 拉，拖

　continuous a. 不停的

　continuously ad. 不停地

　wicked a. 1.严重的 2.坏的

　wickedly ad. 厉害地

　barrel n. 大木桶

　tremble vi. 颤抖

　head v. 1.移动，走 2.带领

　image vt. 想象, 设想

n. 图像; 印象; 想象

　dump vt. 倒，倾

n. 垃圾场

　route n. 路

　greenhouse n. 温室

■lengthy a. 冗长的，过长的

　civilize (英civilise) vt.使文明，使开化

　register vt. 1.显示，表明 2.登记

　response n. 1.回答，答复2.反应，响应

　retreat vi. 1.后退 2.逃离

　indoor ad. 在室内，在户内

a. （在）室内的，（在）户内的

　deaf a. 1.聋的 2.不愿听的, 装聋的

　rage vi. 愤然地说

n. 狂怒

　spontaneous a. 自发的

▲spontaneously ad. 自发地

▲monster n. 怪物

　ash n. 烟灰

　graduate v. 毕业

　garbage n. 垃圾

　garbageman n. 垃圾工

　folk n. 亲戚

a. 民间的，民俗的

　boast vi. 吹嘘，吹牛

n. 吹嘘，吹牛

▲yell vi. 叫喊

　original a. 1.原先的，起初的2.新颖的，有独创性的

　originally ad. 最初地

　employment n. 1.工作，就业2.雇用；招聘

　muscle n. 肌肉

　sore a. 痛的

　contrary a. 相反的

　harm n. 伤害

vt. 伤害

　frank a. 诚实的，坦白的

　frankly ad. 诚实地，坦白地

　philosopher n. 哲学家

◆plumber n. 管道工

　theory n. 理论

　economy n. 经济

　economist n. 经济学家

Phrases and Expressions

　make the rounds 串门拜访，四处走动

　go with 与... 相配

　Who are you to say... ?你有什么权利说......？你竟敢说.....？

　boast about 吹牛，吹嘘

　stay away from 别靠近

　stay at 保留，待在

　contrary to 与......相反

　be in for 免不了遭受

　look down on 蔑视；不赞成

　call for 要求

　hold water 站得住脚；可证明为真实

The Widow

Alonenow, the widow reads considerably. She used to underline favoritepassages to share with her husband. Now, in a notebook, she storesquotations like this one from Elizabeth Jolley's Cabin Fever: "Iexperience again the deep-felt wish to be part of a married couple,to sit by the fire in winter with the man who is my husband. Sointense is this wish that if I write the word husband on a piece ofpaper, my eyes fill with tears."

Why arethese lines so painful?

We beginwith a worn wedding album. In the first picture, the bride andgroom are facing, with uncertain smiles, a church filled withrelatives and friends. The bride did not wear glasses that day, soeverything was a blur of candlelight and faces.

Theywalked to the back of the church and stood at the door as theirguests filed past. From colleagues and old schoolmates camecheerful good wishes clothed in friendly jokes. Some relatives,however, were not pleased. One sat in a car, crying; another stoodsurrounded by sympathizers offering pity. Both these women —mothers of the bride and groom — would have insisted they wantedonly the best for their children but they defined "the best" asstaying home to help support the family.

The lastperson to approach the couple was a short, elderly woman who smiledas she congratulated them — not by name but as "wife" and"husband".

"I'm AuntEsther Gubbins," she said. "I'm here to tell you you are going tolive a good life and be happy. You will work hard and love eachother."

Thenquickly, for such a short, portly, elderly person, shedisappeared.

Soon theydeparted, in a borrowed car. With money loaned by the groom'sbrother, they could afford a honeymoon at a state-park lodge.Sitting before a great oak fire, they recalled the events of theday, especially the strange message conveyed by Aunt EstherGubbins.

"Is sheyour mother's sister or your father's?" asked the wife.

"Isn'tshe your aunt?" the husband responded. "I never saw herbefore."

Theywondered. Had she come to the wrong church or at the wrong time,mistaking them for another couple? Or was she just an old woman wholiked weddings and scanned for announcements in churchbulletins?

With thepassage of time and the birth of grandchildren, their mothersaccepted their marriage. One made piles of clothes for thechildren; the other knitted hats, sweaters and gloves.

Thecouple's life together was very ordinary. Peculiarly, neither everasked "Whose job is this?" or asserted "That is not myresponsibility!" Both acted to fill their needs as time andopportunity allowed.

Arrivingfrom work, he might announce, "Wife, I am home!" And she,restraining the desire to complain about housework, would respond,"Husband, I am glad!"

Occasionally, usually around their anniversary, they would bring upthe old curiosity regarding Aunt Esther Gubbins. He would insistthe elderly woman did attend their wedding accidentally. But sheknew "Aunt Esther" was on some heavenly mission.

Widowednow, the wife wonders what she would save from their old home if itwere to catch fire: Her mother's ring? Pictures of her husband? The$47 hidden in the sugar bowl?

No, itwould be the worn, fading envelope she kept for so long. She knowsexactly where it can be found: under a pile of napkins.

Oneevening her husband had fallen asleep while reading a spy novel.She wrote a note on the envelope and left it on his book: "Husband,I have gone next door to help Mrs. Norton with her sickchildren."

The nextmorning she saw he had written below her message: "Wife, I missedyou. You thought I was asleep, but I was just resting my eyes andthinking about that peculiar woman who talked to us in church along time ago. It has always seemed to me that she was the wrongshape for a heavenly messenger. Anyway, it's time to stop wonderingwhether she came from heaven or a nearby town. What matters isthis: whoever she was, Aunt Esther Gubbins was right."

The Trashman

Saturday,April 7

Steve andI hauled trash for four solid hours continuously, except for aboutfive minutes when we stopped to talk. My shoulder hurt wickedlyeach time I put another full barrel on it, and my legs occasionallytrembled as I was heading to the street. But the rest of me said,"Go, trashman, go."

I couldnot have imaged there would be joy in this. Dump. Lift. Walk. Lift.Walk. The hours flew by.

Saturdaymeant most adults were at home on the route. So were school-agechildren. I thought this might mean more exchanges as I made therounds today. Many people were out-doors working in their gardensor greenhouses. Most looked approachable enough. There wasn't timefor lengthy talks but enough to exchange greetings that go withcivilized ways.

That iswhere I got my shock.

I saidhello in quite a few yards before the message registered that thiswasn't normally done. Occasionally, I got a direct reply fromsomeone who looked me in the eye, smiled, and asked "How are you?"or "Isn't this a nice day?" I felt human then. But most often theresponse was either nothing at all, or a surprised stare because Ihad spoken.

One womanin a housecoat was startled as I came around the corner of herhouse. At the sound of my greeting, she gathered her housecoattightly about her and retreated quickly indoors. I heard the lockclick. Another woman had a huge, peculiar animal in her yard. Iasked what it was. She stared at me. I thought she was deaf andspoke louder. She seemed frightened as she turned coldly away.

Steveraged spontaneously about these things on the long ride to thedump.

"The waymost people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. Sayhello and they stare at you in surprise. They don't realize we'rehuman."

"One ladyput ashes in her trashcan. I said we couldn't take them. She said,'Who are you to say what goes? You're nothing but a trashman.' Itold her, 'Listen, lady, I've got an I.Q. of 137, and I graduatednear the top of my high school class. I do this for the money, notbecause it's the only work I can do."

"I wantto tell them, 'Look, I am as clean as you are,' but it wouldn'thelp. I don't tell anyone I'm a garbageman. I say I'm a truckdriver. My family knows, but my wife's folks don't. If someonecomes right out and asks, 'Do you drive for a garbage company?' Isay yes. I believe we're doing a service people need, like being apolice officer or a fire fighter. I'm not ashamed of it, but Idon't go around boasting about it either."

"A friendof my wife yelled at her kids one day when they ran out to meet atrash truck. 'Stay away from those trashmen. They're dirty.' I wasangry with her. 'They're as good as we are,' I told her. ' You seemto have a lot of sympathy for them,' she said. 'Yes, I do.' But Inever told her why."

I hadoriginally planned to stay at this employment for only two days butnow I'm going to continue. The exercise is great; the lifting getseasier with every load, even if my shoulder muscle is sore. Ibecome faster and neater each day. I'm outdoors in clean air. And,contrary to what people think, I don't get dirty on the job.

I havedecided, too, to keep saying hello in people's yards. It doesn't doany harm, and it still feels right. Frankly, I'm proud. I'm doingan essential task. I left this country a little cleaner than Ifound it this morning. Not many people can say that tonight.

JohnGardner wrote that a society which praises its philosophers andlooks down on its plumbers is in for trouble. "Neither its pipesnor its theories will hold water," he warns. He might have gone astep further and called for respect for both our economists and ourtrashmen; otherwise, they'll both leave garbage behind.

My Moving Experience

Moving isbad — in the sense of carrying furniture, equipment and hundreds ofboxes out of one place and into another. This is why you hardlyever meet nomads (游牧人) anymore, even though "nomad" is a great jobname. Suppose you're at a party, someone asks what you do, and youannounce 'nomad'. Immediately you're talking about camels (骆驼). Andyou can leave anytime. "Excuse me," you say, "but I must go now andseek water."

I preferto stay put. Sometimes, like weekends, it takes huge control justto get out of a chair.

Regardless, last Thursday we moved into a new house. Since I workat home, this also required moving my office; the buyers of our oldhouse wouldn't like seeing me every day in one of theirbedrooms.

My wifeand I moved because as the kids kept getting bigger and bigger, thehouse kept getting smaller and smaller. It seemed the kids wereeating the house. Moving seemed the wise thing to do even though,in the end, we decided to take the kids with us.

In my20s, moving was done by friends, but everyone secretly hated it.After six or seven hours of lifting chairs and chests, we'd takeout our resentment on the furniture. Once we dropped a newrefrigerator down a flight of stairs.

Now I'm47, so we hired movers. The idea of "movers" makes me nervous. Agroup of strong, muscular men come into your house, carry out allyour possessions, and drive off in a truck. This can't be good.

I chose"Low Cost Movers", checking to make sure they had a permit and wereinsured（保险）. The customer service person, Julie, was helpful withthis. "I'm not going to say we never have accidents or even that werarely have accidents. What I am going to say is if you have acomputer, now would be a good time to back up your files (档案)."

The weekbefore moving, Julie called twice to confirm (确定) our 8 a.m.appointment. I'm of two minds about confirming. The people doingthe confirming always appear very professional, while seeming tosay you're not. Obviously Julie knew she wasdealing with someone with low mental power. I didn't mind.

8 a.m.the day of the move, the moving company calls to say they'll be anhour late. What a relief (松口气). I'm feeling totally lacking inorganization (杂乱无序), mainly because I am totallylacking in organization. It's my natural state. Having to haveorganization (有序), for me, is much too confusing.

Movinghas taught me I need a better filing system (系统). I plan to have abetter filing system in the new office. The old system was more ofa piling system, meaning piling everything on my desk-a very goodway of organization.

11 a.m.The moving company still hasn't arrived. I call Julie. She promisesto have the president of the company, Max, personally call me in 10minutes.

I'mimpressed. "President" is a great job name, although, let's faceit, not as great as "nomad."

I have noidea how big this moving company is. Maybe it's just a Mom and Popoperation. Maybe it's just Julie. Maybe Julie is the customerservice department, the movers and now the president. It could be along day.

11:10a.m. The phone rings. "This is Max, president of Low Cost Moving."I check out the voice. It's not Julie. Max tells me he's upset withthe delay. He's enraged at his own moving company. "I'm knocking$10 off the hourly rate," he says.

Isympathize with the moving company: "Look," I say, "these thingshappen. Trucks break. Refrigerators fall down stairs. Workersdevelop several personalities."

3 p.m.Movers still haven't arrived. I call Max, who's more enraged thanbefore. "This is unheard-of," he says. "I'm taking another $10 offthe hourly charge."

If thiskeeps up, I'll be moving for free and going nowhere.

6 p.m.The movers finally arrive. I call Max. He's fit to be tied. I pointout they're only 10 hours late. Max is not humored.

End ofstory: The move is finally over. Everything's in boxes. My officeis completely without organization. I feel at home.

Unit7

　cautious a. 十分小心的，谨慎的

　unusual a. 异乎寻常的，不平常的

　exception n.除外，例外，除外的人或事

　shave v.剃去......上的毛发，剃......的胡须

　unshaven a. 未剃须的，未修面的，有短髭的

　stocking n. 1.长（统）袜，袜子2.圆锥形绒线帽，针织帽

　nylon a. 耐纶制的，尼龙的

n. 耐纶织品，尼龙织品

▲shrub n. 灌木

　pad n. 1.（停车的）地方，（简易机场的）飞机起落段2.垫，衬垫

▲pistol n. 手枪

▲contrive v. 设法做到

▲toss vt. 扔，抛，掷

　bark v. 1.厉声地说，咆哮2.（狗）吠，叫

　instinct n. 本能，天性

　instinctively ad.（出于）本能地，（出于）天性地

▲wallet n. 皮夹子

　trousers n.（尤指男子穿的）长裤，西（装）裤

　sideways ad.（斜）向一边（或一侧），向旁边

　slight a. 1.瘦小的2.少量的；轻微的；不严重的

　enlarge vt. 扩大，扩展，使增大

　polish v. 1.擦，擦光，擦亮2.使完美，改进

　unexpected a.没有料到的，突如其来的

　unexpectedly ad.没有料到地，突如其来地

　attach vt. 系，贴，连接

　criminal a. 犯罪的，犯法的，刑事的

n. 罪犯

　victim n. 受害者，牺牲者

　offend v. 1.违法，违犯2.冒犯，触怒

　offender n. 犯法的人，犯规的人

　user n. 使用者，用户

　detail n. 细节，详情

▲rip vt. 猛力扯掉，猛力移去，猛力去除

　wrist n. 腕，腕关节

　lawn n. 草坪，草地

　dirt n. 污物，烂泥，灰尘

　forehead n. 额，前额

　temple n. 太阳穴

　Lord n. 上帝，耶稣基督

　mercy n. 慈悲，怜悯，仁慈

　sin n. (违背道德规范的)罪；罪恶；（违犯宗教戒律的）罪孽

vi. 违反教规，违犯戒律，犯罪

　sinner n. （宗教、道德上的）罪人

　footstep n. 脚步（声）

　span n. 一段时间，持续时间

　fry vt. 油煎，油炒

　eternal a. 永恒的，永久的，不断的

▲eternity n. 1.不朽，来世2.永恒，无穷

　operator n. 1.电话接线员，机务员，话务员2.操作员，技工

　rob vt. 抢劫

　robber n. 抢劫者，强盗，盗贼

　robbery n. 抢劫罪，抢劫（案）

　stiff a. 1.（酒）浓的，烈性的2.僵硬的，挺的，不易弯曲的

　additional a. 额外的，另外的

　current n. （水、空气等的）流，潮流

a. 现时的，当前的

■woe n. 哀愁

　foundation n. 1.基础，基本原理，根据 2.基金会 3.建立，设立

　presently ad. 1.现在，目前2.不久，一会儿

　dam n. 坝，堤

Phrases and Expressions

　face to face (with) 面对面的／地 必须面对的，无法回避的

　pull into （车）停靠；驶向（一旁等）

　as if 好象

　attach to 系在......上；连接到......上

　rather than 而不

　have mercy on someone 可怜某人

　get to one's feet 站起来

　look through 仔细检查，浏览

　be out of control 失去控制

　eat (away) at 逐渐毁掉，侵蚀

　handle v. 柄，把手

vt. 处理，处置，操纵

　bullet n. 枪弹，子弹

　advocate vt. 主张，拥护，提倡

n. 拥护者，提倡者

　odd a. 奇怪的；奇特的

　ignorance n. 无知，不知

　crime n. 罪，罪行

　statistics n. 1.统计资料；统计2.统计学

　previous a. 以前的，先前的

　previously ad. 以前，先前（地）

　violence n.暴力（行为），强暴（行为），猛烈

　violent a. 暴力的，强暴的，猛烈的

　affect vt. 1.影响2.（在感情方面）打动，震动

　transport vt. 运送，搬运

　residence n. 住处，住宅，大宅

　capable a. 1.能...... 的，有...... 能力的2.有能力的；有才能的

　intend v. 1.（为......而）准备，打算使...... (成为)2.想要，打算，计划

　injure vt. 伤害，损害（健康等）

　confront vt. 1.与 ......相对，面临，遭遇2.使面对，使面临，使当面作证

　imagination n. 想象力,想象的事物

　reality n. 现实，实际

　apartment n. 1.房间2.一套公寓房间

　intention n. 意图，打算，目的

　intentionally ad.故意地，有意地

　omit vt. 排除，省略

　dominate vt.支配，统治，在......中占首要地位

　female n. 女性（的）; 雌性动物

　Negro n.（含歧视意味）黑人，具有黑人血统的人

　male n.a. 男性（的）; 雄性动物

　gas n. 1.汽油 2.气，气体

　cashier n. 出纳员，收银员

　reveal vt. 揭示，展现，使显露

　anxiety n. 焦虑，担忧

　neighborhood (英neighbourhood) n.地段，地区，居民点

　possibility n.可能（性），可能的事，可能的情况

　endanger vt. 使遭受危险

　automobile (缩auto) n. 汽车

　automatic a. 1.自动的，以自动装置完成的2.不经思索的，机械的

　automatically ad. 1.不加思索地，无意识地2.自动地

　guilty a. 1.有罪的；证明（或判决）有罪的2.自知有过失的，内疚的

　guilt n. 1.内疚 2.罪，犯罪

　bet v. 1.以（钱、物等）打赌2.确信，敢说

　gasoline n. 汽油

Phrases and Expressions

　be immune to 不受......影响的，对.....有免疫力的

　believe in 相信......可行，相信......的真实性，信任，信仰

　be capable of 有......能力做，能做

　hear of 听说

　in front of 在.....前面；在......面前

　at the sight of 一看见

Face to Face with Guns

(Face toFace with Guns)

Like mostcity folks, I'm cautious. I scan the street and pathways foranything — or anyone — unusual before pulling into the garage. Thatnight was no exception. But, as I walked out of the garage, KFCchicken in hand, a portly, unshaven young man in a stocking cap anddark nylon jacket emerged from the shrub by the parking pad and puthis pistol between my eyes.

"Give itup, mother — ," he threatened. "Give it up."

"Hey," Isaid, "just take it." As I spoke, I set the KFC box on the planterbeside the pathway, contriving as I did so to toss my house keysinto a bush.

"Where'syour money? Where's your money?" he barked. Everything he saidduring our encounter was repeated; instinctively, I did thesame.

"It's inmy wallet. It's in my wallet," I said.

He movedbehind me, put his gun on my neck and began to search my trousers'pockets.

"Where'syour wallet?" he asked.

"It's inmy back pocket."

"Where'sthe rest of your money?"

"I don'thave any more money."

"Where'syour watch?"

"Here," Ireplied, extending my left arm sideways.

Justthen, his partner appeared. Slight and shorter, he held an enlargedblue steel pistol. His dark eyes shone like polished glass; hisarms and legs moved unexpectedly, as if attached to unseenwires.

His voicesnapped, "Stop looking at us. Stop looking at us."

He wasn'tstupid. I've seen enough criminal trials to know victims of armedattacks are seldom able to identify their offenders because theirattention focuses on the guns, rather than on their users. Iconsciously noted details of their faces.

"I'm notlooking at you," I lied as the big one ripped the watch from mywrist.

"Getdown. Get down," the thin one ordered. He grabbed my glasses andtossed them onto the lawn.

By then,I was flat on my face on the pathway, its dirt against my forehead.The big one's gun dug into the back of my head, the thin one'spistol into my left temple.

Ithought, "I am going to die. This is going to kill Leslie. Lord,have mercy on me, a sinner."

"What'sthis?" the big one asked.

I rolledmy head to the right.

"It's KFCchicken," I said.

"We'lltake it," the big one snapped.

And,suddenly — wallet, watch and chicken in hand — their footstepsfaded down the darkened street.

I turnedto see their shadows get into a car and speed away.

I hadbeen spared, but by what? Mercy? A short attention span?Hunger?

"Howpeculiar," I thought, "to have your life saved by fried chicken. Isaw eternity; they saw food."

I got tomy feet, found the keys, entered and called 911. The operator tooka description of the robbers and sent a police car. I poured astiff drink and, soon, two uniformed officers of the LAPD arrived.They took a report and admitted the "important thing" was nobodywas hurt.

"But,"one officer said on leaving, "taking your chicken, that'srough."

Later, anofficer telephoned for additional details. He said the pair'smethods suggested they might be the same men who had committed anumber of robberies in the area over the past few months. He askedme to come to the station and look through mug shots.

So, lastMonday I looked through album-sized books of pictures mostly ofyoung men — an amazing number of them actually children.

Turningthose pages and studying their photographs is like flowing on a sadcurrent that, like Blake's Thames, seems to "mark in every face,marks of weakness, marks of woe."

Together,these young men are a kind of river — one that is out of control,eating at the foundations of things we hold dear: our freedom tomove about; the fruits of labor; our own lives and those of peoplewe value. Some day, we will have to face this river and seek thedepths of its discontent.

Presently, all we can do is look at mug shots and stick our fingersin the dam.

Should I Have a Gun?

I own ablack gun with a brown handle. It holds five bullets and staysloaded by my bed.

I'vealways advocated gun control; the odd thing is I still do. Itwasn't ignorance of crime statistics that previously kept me fromowning a gun nor thinking I was immune to violence.

1. Whatis the purpose for the writer to have a loaded gun since she is infavor of gun control?

I assumedbecause I didn't believe in violence, because I wasn't violent, Iwouldn't be affected by violence. I believed my belief in the bestof human nature could make it real.

I shouldtransport the gun from my residence to my vehicle, but I don't.What the gun is capable of, what it is intended for, stillfrightens me more than what it may prevent. If I carry my gun and Iam attacked, I must use it to kill, not just injure.

2. Whydid the writer choose not to take her gun along with her since shehas her gun loaded?

I haveconfronted an attacker in my imagination, not in reality. A man iswalking down the street. I lock my car and walk to my apartmentwith my key ready. Before I reach the door, I think I hear a voicesay, money. Before I open the door I hear a voice and turn to seethe man with a gun.

He isfrightened. I am frightened I will scare him and he will shoot, orI will give him my money and he will still shoot. I am also angrybecause a gun is pointed at me by someone I've never met and neverhurt.

Somethingmakes me uncomfortable about this imagined robbery, something Idon't want to admit, something I almost intentionally omittedbecause I am ashamed.

3. What,do you think, is the something that makes the writer feeluncomfortable?

Iunderstand why I imagined being robbed by a man: They're physicallymore dominating and I've never heard of anyone being robbed by afemale.

But whyis he a black man? Why is he a Negro male with a worn T-shirt andshining eyes? Why is he not a white man?

4. Why isit that the writer's imagined robber is always a man or especiallya black man?

I imaginestanding in a gas station on Claiborne and Jackson waiting to paythe cashier when a black man walks up behind me. I do not turnaround. I stare ahead waiting to pay. I try not to reveal I feelanxiety just because a black man has walked up behind me in a gasstation in a bad neighborhood and he does not have a car.

5. Whatdoes a bad neighborhood mean here?

I imagineanother possibility. I am walking with my gun in my hand when Ihear the voice. The man mustn't have seen my gun. I get angrybecause I am threatened, because someone is endangering my life forthe money in my pocket.

I turnand without really thinking, angry and frightened, I shoot. I killa man for $50 or perhaps $100. It doesn't matter that he was tryingto rob me. A man has died for money, not my money or his money,just money. Who put that price on his life?

6. Whatis the writer's level of comfort with killing a robber inself-defense?

Iremember driving one night with my friend in her parents'automobile. We stopped at a red light at Carlton and Tulane where ablack man was crossing the street in front of us. My friendautomatically locked the doors.

I amdisgusted she saw the man as a reminder to lock her doors. I wonderif he noticed us doing so. I wonder how it feels when people locktheir doors at the sight of you.

7. Whatdoes the writer intend to say when she finds her friend locking thedoors at the sight of a black man?

I imagineanother confrontation in front of my apartment. I have my gun whena man asks for money. I am angry and scared, but I do not use thegun. I fear what may happen if I don't use it, but am more afraidof killing another human being, more afraid of trying to live withthe guilt of murdering another person. I bet my life that he willtake my money and leave. I hope I win.

8. Whatdoes "I hope I win" mean?

Now Ienter a gasoline station near my house. A black man is alreadywaiting in line. He jumps and turns around. Seeing me, he relaxesand says I scared him because of the way things have become in thisneighborhood.

Sorry, Isay and smile. I realize I'm not the only one who isfrightened.

A Bank Robbery

It wasabout midday. I'd left work early in the morning to cash (兑现) acheque. I walked along to the bank and found there were only aboutten or eleven customers in there, a pretty unusual number for thosecentral city banks.

1. Whatcould make the writer sense that something wasabout to happen at this moment?

I waiteduntil it was my turn, walked up to the desk and started talking tothe bank clerk. He had a really strange expression on his face —just sort of a blank (茫然的) stare. I thought he was looking at meuntil I realised he was staring over my shoulder.

I beganto turn round to see what he was looking at and at the same moment,the outside bank guard, the one with the machine gun, came flyingthrough the door and lay face down on the floor. Following himthrough the door were three absolutely frightening men wearingthose horrible stocking masks. They were carrying guns; at leastthe one in front was carrying a pistol.

Whetheror not they said anything I can't remember to this day, or whetherpeople just automatically put their hands up I don't know. I put myhands up but I just didn't know what to do.

For a fewmoments there was just total silence, suddenly broken by thetelephone ringing. I remember wondering who was on the other end ofthe line. Nobody answered the telephone, so it just kept on ringingand ringing, in this otherwise (不然) deathly quiet.

Then twoof the masked men went to the counter (柜台), jumped over it and gotthe cashiers and bank clerks to start filling their bags with cash.While the two were getting the money, the one at the door coveringus with the gun obviously got a bit of an anxiety attack andstarted swearing (咒骂) at them, telling them to hurry up and get amove on.

2. Whydid the robber get a bit of an anxiety attack now?

Theyjumped back over the counter. One of them lost his balance when helanded on the floor and fell over. The other two swore at himagain. Then they left through the door, warning us, "Don't move.Stay like that with your hands up for ten minutes." Then they justdisappeared. There was total silence.

We putour hands down but I just stayed exactly where I was. Then one ofthe bank workers pressed a button behind the counter and the steelgate at the front of the bank moved into place so that we werelocked in. We just stayed like that until the police arrived threeor four minutes later.

Theypicked up the bank guard who, poor fellow, was still lying flat onthe floor. There was a good deal of confusion (混乱).

As thoughin a dream, I just wandered (漫步) out of the bank. Nobody tried tostop me. The police didn't seem interested in me. They didn't wantto question me. I wasn't asked to be a witness (证人) or anything soI just wandered out of the bank.

3. Whatdid the writer intend to say here?

Life asnormal was going on outside in the busy street and I wandered backto the school. On the way back I ran into the school's accountant(会计) and quietly mentioned to him that I'd just been in a bankrobbery. Of course, he was absolutely amazed and asked, "Do youwant to come for a drink?" I said "OK."

In fact,it was only at that point that I really began to feel nervous andfelt myself trembling a little bit. I was all right later on afterI'd had a couple of drinks, but it only really came home to me whathad happened at that point.

4. Whydid the writer feel nervous only at this moment?

Whatstill amazes me is that the robbers went out onto the street, oneof the busiest in Naples, in the middle of the day, and justdisappeared into thin air. I still find that absolutelyunbelievable.

5. Whatdid the writer want to express here?

Unit 8

　　satisfactory a. 令人满意的

　flash vi. 1.突然产生（想法、灵感） 2.飞驰，掠过

　particularly ad. 特别是

　glow vi. 1.发光，发热2.呈现鲜艳的颜色

▲creation n. 创造

　mystery n. 谜

　reasonable a. 合理的，适当的

　psychologist n. 心理学家

　process n. 过程，进程

　individual n. 个体，个人

　personality n. 1.名人2.人的品质或条件

▲intensify v. 增强，加强

　genius n. 1.天才 2.天赋

　religion n. 宗教

　philosophy n. 哲学

　invention n. 1.发明 2.发明物

　logic n. 逻辑；逻辑学

　truly ad. 1.真正地2.真诚地；真心地

　highly ad. 非常

　dramatic a. 1.引人注目的 2.戏剧的;演戏的

　compose v. 创作（文学或音乐）

　occupy vt. 1.把注意力集中于 ......2.占用（时间或空间）

▲fling vt. 1.猛扔，抛2.猛烈地移动，急动

▲couch n. 沙发

　miracle n. 奇迹

■mighty a. 强大的，巨大的

　recognize vt. 1.注意到，认识到2.认出

　orchestral a. 管弦乐的,管弦乐队的

　contrast n. 对照,(对照中的)差异

■mathematician n. 数学家

a. 数学的

　combination n. 结合,合并;【化】化合物

▲surge vi. 汹涌

　combine v. 结合，合并

　stable a. 稳定的

　existence n. 存在

　observe vt. 观察

　explosion n. 1.爆发；骤发; 爆炸2.激增，扩大

　concept n. 概念

▲exemplify vt. 例示,作为......例子

▲certainty n. 确定性, 必然性;确实的事情

　enthusiasm n. 1.热情, 积极性2.爱好的事物

　representative a. 有代表性的

　source n. 源泉，来源

　responsible a. 1.是......的原因2.需负责任的，承担责任的

　organize vt. 组织起来

　element n. 元素, 成分

Phrases and Expressions

　sleep on sth. 暂时不作决定，过一晚再作决定

　a gift from the gods 不期而获又大受欢迎的好处，利益

　depend on 依靠，依赖

　write down 写下来

　be occupied with 忙于做，专心于

　seek for 寻找

　as though 好象，俨然

　take shape 成型

　put into 表达

　at work 在起作用

　arrive at 达成（协议）；得出（结论）

　search for 搜索，寻找

　fill sb. with sth. 使充满（感情）

chill v. 使变冷；使扫兴

n. 寒冷，寒气

　plastic a. 塑料的

n. 1.塑料，塑料制品 2.信用卡

　dip v. 蘸；浸

▲applaud v. 拍手喝彩, 称赞

　remark vi. 评论

n. 谈论，评论

　decade n. 十年

　enquiry (inquiry) n.调查，探究

　convince vt. 使确信, 使信服

　capacity n. 1.才能, 能力2.容量，容积

▲impulse n. 冲动，刺激

　potential n. 潜力，潜能

a. 潜在的

　potentially ad. 可能地

　reservoir n. 1.水库，蓄水池2.(喻)(知识、精力等的)贮藏；蓄积

　concrete a. 具体的

　capture v. 1.捕获 2.夺得;占领

◆fleeting a. 飞逝的, 转瞬即逝的

　rabbit n. 兔子

　carriage n. 四轮马车

　scarcely ad. 1.刚刚......就2.几乎没有

　fortunately ad. 幸运地

　evaluate v. 评价, 估计

　painter n. 画家

　sofa n. 沙发

　sketch vt. 勾画, 绘草图

　fertile a. 1.（思想、创意）丰富的2.富饶的

　advantage n. 优势；有利条件

▲productive a. 1.有收益的，富有成效的2.多产的

　associate n. 合作人, 同事

　inventor n. 发明者，发明家

　claim v. 声言；自称

　engineering n. 工程(学)

　string n. 细绳

◆pliers n. 钳子

　motion n. 运动

▲pendulum n. 钟摆

　swing vi. 摇摆

　context n. 1.（事情发生的）环境，背景2.上下文

　transfer v. 调动，迁移

　principle n. 原则, 原理

　elsewhere ad. 在别处，到别处

　enhance vt. 提高, 增强

　vitamin n. 维生素

　therapy n. 治疗；理疗

▲fascinate v. 使着迷

　endless a. 无止境的, 无穷的

Phrases and Expressions

　right away 立刻

　act upon 依照 ...... 行动

　come one's way 发生在某人身上，可以被某人利用

　fall asleep 睡着

　take advantage of 利用

　at once 同时

　set sth. in motion 使......运转起来

　back and forth 来回，前后

　take up 开始，着手做

　tap dancing 踢踏舞

Birth of Bright Ideas

Nosatisfactory way exists to explain how to form a good idea. Youthink about a problem until you're tired, forget it, maybe sleep onit, and then flash! When you aren't thinking about it, suddenly theanswer arrives as a gift from the gods.

Ofcourse, all ideas don't occur like that but so many do,particularly the most important ones. They burst into the mind,glowing with the heat of creation. How they do it is a mystery butthey must come from somewhere. Let's assume they come from the"unconscious." This is reasonable, for psychologists use this termto describe mental processes which are unknown to the individual.Creative thought depends on what was unknown becoming known.

All of ushave experienced this sudden arrival of a new idea, but it iseasiest to examine it in the great creative personalities, many ofwhom experienced it in an intensified form and have written it downin their life stories and letters. One can draw examples fromgenius in any field, from religion, philosophy, and literature toart and music, even in mathematics, science, and technicalinvention, although these are often thought to depend only on logicand experiment. All truly creative activities depend in some degreeon these signals from the unconscious, and the more highlyinsightful the person, the sharper and more dramatic the signalsbecome.

Take theexample of Richard Wagner composing the opening to ";Rhinegold".Wagner had been occupied with the idea of the "Ring" for severalyears, and for many months had been struggling to begin composing.On September 4, 1853, he reached Spezia sick, went to a hotel,could not sleep for noise without and fever within, took a longwalk the next day, and in the afternoon flung himself on a couchintending to sleep. Then at last the miracle happened for which hisunconscious mind had been seeking for so long.Falling into a sleeplike condition, he suddenly felt as though hewere sinking in a mighty flood of water, and the rush and roar soontook musical shape within his brain. He recognized that theorchestral opening to the "Rhinegold", which he must have carriedabout within him yet had never been able to put it into form, hadat last taken its shape within him. In this example, the consciousmind at the moment of creation knew nothing of the actual processesby which the solution was found.

As acontrast, we may consider a famous story: the discovery by HenriPoincare, the great French mathematician, of a new mathematicalmethod called the Fuchsian functions. Here we see the consciousmind, in a person of highest ability, actually watching theunconscious at work. For weeks, he sat at his table every day andspent an hour or two trying a great number of combinations but hearrived at no result. One night he drank some black coffee,contrary to his usual habit, and was unable to sleep. Many ideaskept surging in his head; he could almost feel them pushing againstone another, until two of them combined to form a stablecombination. When morning came, he had established the existence ofone class of Fuchsian functions. He had only to prove the results,which took only a few hours. Here, we see the conscious mindobserving the new combinations being formed in the unconscious,while the Wagner story shows the sudden explosion of a new conceptinto consciousness.

A thirdtype of creative experience is exemplified by the dreams which cameto Descartes at the age of twenty-three and determined his lifepath. Descartes had unsuccessfully searched for certainty, first inthe world of books, and then in the world of men. Then in a dreamon November 10, 1619, he made the significant discovery that hecould only find certainty in his own thoughts, cogito ergo sum ("Ithink; therefore, I exist"). This dream filled him with intensereligious enthusiasm.

Wagner's,Poincare's, and Descartes' experiences are representative ofcountless others in every field of culture. The unconscious iscertainly the source of instinctive activity. But in creativethought the unconscious is responsible for the production of neworganized forms from relatively disorganized elements.

Ways of Increasing Creativity

My guestshad arrived, but once again, I'd forgotten to put the wine in thefridge. "Don't worry," a friend said, "I can chill it for you rightaway."

Fiveminutes later she emerged from the kitchen with the wine perfectlycooled. Asked to reveal her secret, she said: "I poured it in aplastic bag and dipped it in ice water."

My guestsapplauded. "How wonderful if we could all be that clever," oneremarked.

A decadeof enquiry has convinced me we can. What separates the averageperson from Edison, Picasso or even Shakespeare isn't creativecapacity. It's the ability to use that capacity by encouragingcreative impulses and then acting upon them. Most of us seldomachieve our creative potential but the reservoir of ideas hidingwithin every one of us can be unlocked.

Thefollowing techniques suggest concrete ways of increasingcreativity:

Capturethe fleeting. A good idea is like a rabbit. It runs by so fast,sometimes you see only its ears or tail. To capture it, you must beready. Creative people are always ready to act — possibly the onlydifference between us and them.

In aletter to a friend in 1821, Ludwig van Beethoven wrote aboutthinking of a beautiful tune while half asleep in a carriage: "Butscarcely did I awake when away flew the tune and I could not recallany part of it." Fortunately, for Beethoven and for us, the nextday in the same carriage, the tune returned to him and he capturedit in writing.

When agood idea comes your way, write it down — on your arm ifnecessary. Not every idea will have value butcapture it first and evaluate later.

Daydream.Painter Salvador Dali used to lie on a sofa, holding a spoon. As hebegan to fall asleep, Dali would drop the spoon onto a plate on thefloor. Shocked awake by the sound, he would immediately sketch theimages seen in his mind in that fertile world of semi-sleep.

Everyoneexperiences this strange state and can take advantage of it. TryDali's trick, or just allow yourself to daydream. Often, the "threebs" — bed, bath and bus — are productive. Anywhere you can be withyour thoughts undisturbed, you'll find ideas emerge freely.

Seekchallenges. Try inviting friends and business associates fromdifferent areas of your life to a party. Bringing people ofdifferent ages and social status together may help you think in newways.

EdwinLand, one of America's most productive inventors, claimed the idealeading to his invention of the Polaroid camera came from histhree-year-old daughter. On a visit to Santa Fe in 1943, she askedwhy she couldn't see the picture he had just taken. During the nexthour, as Land walked around Santa Fe, all he had learned aboutchemistry came together: "The camera and the film became clear tome. In my mind they were so real that I spent several hoursdescribing them."

Expandyour world. Many discoveries in science, engineering and the artsmix ideas from different fields. Consider "The Two-String Problem."Two widely separated strings hang from a ceiling. Even though youcan't reach both at once, is it possible to tie their endstogether, using only a pair of pliers?

Onecollege student tied the pliers to one string and set it in motionlike a pendulum. As it swung back and forth, he walked quickly tothe other string and drew it as far forward as it would reach. Thenhe caught the swinging string when it passed near him and tied thetwo ends.

Asked howhe succeeded, the student explained he had just come from a physicsclass on pendulum motion. What he had learned in one contexttransferred to a completely different one.

Thisprinciple works elsewhere as well. To enhance your creativity,learn something new. If you're a banker, take up tap dancing; ifyou're a nurse, try a course in vitamin therapy. Read a book on anew subject. Change your daily newspaper. The new will combine withthe old in novel and potentially fascinating ways. Becoming morecreative means paying attention to that endless flow of ideas youproduce, and learning to capture and act upon the new that's withinyou.

Great Ideas

Some ofthe most important inventions of the past 2,000 years may surpriseyou.

Want toget rich? Become famous? You don't have to be a film star or abasketball player or a musician. You can do it by becoming aninventor. Over the past 2,000 years inventors have created machinesand articles that have changed the world.

And it'snot just the big ideas like computers, printing presses and steamengines (蒸汽机) that become big things.

Justthink how the past 2,000 years would be different without these"small" big ideas:

It's aclean sweep

In 1871,American inventor Ives McGaffey realized that if you turned an airpump (气泵) the opposite way, you would have a machine that couldpick up dirt. He called his machine an aspirator (吸气器). The hugedevice was powered by a steam engine.

AnotherAmerican, James Murray Spangler, designed a much lighter machine in1907 with an electric engine. He sold the idea, now called a vacuumcleaner（真空吸尘器）, to a man named William H. Hoover. The company isstill making Hoover vacuums and we're a little bit cleaner forit.

Stuck onyou

Inventorsget interested when they find out people don't like the waysomething works.

One dayin 1923, young lab worker Richard Drew from the Minnesota Miningand Manufacturing (制造) Company heard workers in an automobile bodyshop complaining. It seems they could not find the right kind oftape to put on cars while they painted them. Either the tape stucktoo much and ruined the paint job or it fell off too soon and thepaint ran onto another part of the car.

Drewspent two years creating a tape that stuck just enough. We know itnow as masking tape. But Drew wasn't done. In 1930, he created asee-through, water-proof (防水的), cellophane (薄膜) adhesive (胶粘剂). Thecompany called it Scotch tape and started selling it by theton.

Accidentscan work wonders

In thelate 1940s, engineer Percy L. Spencer of the Raytheon Company wasexperimenting with high-frequency (高频率) radio waves. These had beenused to find enemy planes and ships in World War II. Spencernoticed the waves had made a chocolate bar (块) in his pocket soft.Could these waves be used to heat food?

Spencersoon invented the microwave oven (微波炉), which made millions ofdollars for Raytheon and millions of bags of popcorn (爆米花) for kidseverywhere.

Geniusesneed not apply (应用，努力)

AlexanderGraham Bell was a teacher of the deaf. He did not know much aboutelectricity. That was probably a good thing because mostelectricity masters did not think a voice could be sent over awire. In three years of day and night effort, Bell figured out howto send sound over a changing electric current. He got his patent(专利) on the telephone on March 7, 1876. It is one of the mostvaluable patents ever given by the U.S.

Keep yourtrousers on

In 1907,engineer Gideon Sundback got interested in improving a "hookless(无钩的) fastener(扣件)" patented in 1893. It was supposed to do awaywith the tiring work of buttoning the many buttons on clothes ofthe day. But the fastener did not work well.

For yearsSundback lay awake half the night trying to solve the problem. In1913 he designed a hookless fastener that worked. But no one mademuch money on the invention until a Canadian businessman decided tocall it a "zipper (拉链)". Soon millions were sold every year andtrousers everywhere stopped falling down.

Nowthat's a tiny—yet BIG—idea.

Unit 9

　editor n. 编辑

　futurist n. 未来主义者

　publish vt. 1.出版2.发布；公布

　impose vt. 1.把......强加于2.征（税等），处以（罚款、监禁等）

　fate n. 命运

　volunteer n. 志愿者

v. 甘愿

　arithmetic n. 算术

a. 算术的

　predict vt. 预测

　performance n. 1.表现2.表演

　electrical a. 与电有关的；用电的

　analysis n. 分析

◆diagnosis n. 诊断

　treatment n. 1.治疗2.处理；对待

▲interact vi. 1.相互作用; 相互影响2.互通信息

　interactive a. 1.相互作用；互相影响 2.（人机之间）可互通信息的

　alternative a. 可选择的

n. （必须作的）选择

▲toll n. （通过路或桥等的）费用

　engine n. 引擎；发动机

　connection (英connexion) n. 1.连接 2.关系；联系

　household n. 家庭

a. 家庭的

　security n. 1.治安保卫 2.安全

　worldwide a. & ad.世界范围（的）

　site n. 1.网站 2.地点；地方

　museum n. 博物馆

　facility n. 1.设施2.便利，容易，方便

▲database n. 资料库

　globe n. 1.地球 2.球状物；地球仪

　grocer n. 食品杂货商

　groceries n. 食品杂货

　Internet n. 因特网

　purchase n. 购买的物品

vt. 购买

　widespread a. 1.广泛的2.展开的

　percentage n. 百分率

　career n. 1.职业 2.生涯

　management n. 1.管理人员2.管理

　specialist n. 专家

　protection n. 1.保护2.保护人（物）

　pollution n. 污染

　survive v. 1.幸免于难2.比......活得长

　profit n. 1.利润 2.得益

v. 得益（于）

　emit vt. 排放

　emission n. 1.排放物 2.排放

　permit n. 许可证

v. 容许

　output n. 产量

　carbon n. 碳

■monoxide n. 一氧化物

　policy n. 政策

▲siege n. 包围

　advertise v. 1.广告（销售）2.公告；广告

　ban vt. 禁止

n. 禁止

　pill n. 药片

　tension n. 1.紧张不安 2.拉力

　prescribe vt 1.开处方 2.规定

　diet n. 1.日常饮食 2.规定的饮食

Phrases and Expressions

　impose on (upon) 强加于

　work on (upon) 努力做......

　more and more 越来越......

　pay for 因什么而受苦 因购买...... 而付钱

　bill for 送交某人账单或罚单

　start up 开办，开设

　on average 平均

　at risk 冒险

　change from 由......变来

　under siege 被包围

　trend n. 趋势

　expert n. 专家

a. 熟练的；有经验的

　pose vt. 问

vi. 摆出姿势（供人画画、拍照等）

　data n. 资料；数据

　survey n. 调查

vt. 查看；鉴定

　growth n. 1.发展；增长 2.种植；长势3.成长

　decrease n. 减少；下降

v. 减少；下降

　tend v. 趋向于；可能

　factor n. 因素；要素

　excessive a. 过分

　alcohol n. （烈性）酒

　pollute vt. 污染

　planet n. 行星

　decline v. 1.降低；变得不如以前 2.（婉言）拒绝

n. 降低

　grain n. 1.谷粒 2.谷物；谷类3.颗粒

　climate n. 1.气候2.（舆论）状况

　disaster n. 灾害，灾难

　lamb n. 1.羊肉 2.小羊；羔羊

▲turkey n. 1.火鸡肉 2.火鸡

　amount n. 量

vi. 等于；达到

　efficient a. 效率高的

　utilize (英utilise) vt. 使用

▲fossil n. 化石

a. 化石的

　alter v. 改变

　nuclear a.原子核的；核动力的；应用核能的

　steady a. 1.稳固的 2.平稳的3.稳定的

　steadily ad. 稳定地

　region n. 地区

　outstanding a. 优秀的

　product n. 产品

　available a. 能够得到的

▲recycle vt.（废物）再利用；废物回收

　chemical n. 化学物质

a. 化学的

　highway n. 公路

　ease n. 1.轻易，不费力 2.安逸

▲breakthrough n. 突破

◆tumor (英tumour) n. 肿瘤

　surgery n. 1. 手术 2.外科

　cancer n. 癌症

　indifferent a. 不感兴趣；冷漠的

　indifference n. 不关心；冷漠

　instance n. 例子

■tuberculosis n. 肺结核

　conclusion n. 1.结论2.结束；结局

　numerous a. 无数的

　inhabitant n. 栖居者

　involve vt. 卷入

　accomplish vt. 完成

Phrases and Expressions

　at an alarming rate 以惊人的速度

　wash away （被洪水）破坏

　May... 愿......

　involve in 卷入

Looking to the 21st Century

1. YourFuture

Thefuture does not determine itself. The actions of the presentdetermine the future.

EdwardCornish, editor of " The Futurist " magazinepublished by the World Future Society, says:

"Theresponsibility we have for the future begins when we recognise thatwe ourselves create the future -- that the future is not somethingimposed upon us by fate or other forces beyond our control. Weourselves build the future both through what we do and what we donot do."

2. YourBrain

Yourbrainwaves may be checked to see whether you are busy, tired ordoing your work properly.

Psychologist Arthur F. Kramer tested volunteers working onarithmetic problems. He could predict their performance from thestrength of the brain's electrical activity measured through thehead.

Thefuture? Bosses could measure brain activity to learn workerquality. Frequent computer analyses could tell whether workers,like air traffic controllers, are seeing all activity clearlyenough to monitor it properly.

3. YourDoctor

More andmore, doctors will use visual information about your condition fromcomputers, instead of textbooks, for diagnosis and treatment.

Homecomputers will enable you to answer interactive questions aboutyour health and show the alternative results should you act in acertain way.

4. YourCar

Cars willbe almost entirely controlled by computers.

To payfor costs, cars will be billed for using high-speed toll roads.Computers will record the passage of the car and automatically takethe money from the owner's computer bank account.

Computerswill show drivers maps of districts the car is crossing on a smallscreen in the car.

Computerswill diagnose any problems with the engine. Computer connectionswill list the nearest places of repair, tell the cost of new partsand the place where they can be bought.

5. TheComputer-Home

More thanhalf of the home computers sold in the United States in recentyears will become essential to home life in the West. Future taskscomputers already do at home include:

Computersturn on the lights, heating and essential household services beforepeople arrive home from work. Computers control cooking, hot water,security.

Computersenable homework assignments to be done with worldwide resources,using sites like museums and science facilities around the world.Homework help can come equally from the local library, or librariesand databases in places as far apart as New York and London, orfrom teachers and fellow students around the globe.

Manyshoppers order groceries at home through Internet suppliers andhave purchases delivered.

6. TheWorkplace

Thechanging face of work and the workplace is one of the mostwidespread influences in Western society.

Women nowform more than half the workers; the percentage is rising as theystart up small businesses of their own, often working fromhome.

Peopleare changing careers on average every ten years now, instead ofstaying in a job for life.

Increasesin information and knowledge-based businesses are reducing levelsof middle management. Top managers get all the information neededto work together with front-line staff.

Specialists are becoming more important than general workers.

7. TheEnvironment

Protection of the environment used to be the concern of specialgroups. Now governments and businesses realise bad air and waterpollution affect everyone, making it difficult for cities tosurvive and for businesses to make a profit.

London,England's biggest city, often suffers from air pollution whichcauses more than 1,000 deaths a year. Especially the very young,the elderly and cigarette smokers are at high risk.

ManyEuropean countries and the United States check vehicles for gas andsmoke emissions to make sure the levels are below the permittedoutput. For example, Germany has 600 sites that monitor carbonmonoxide.

8. YourHealth

Physicalfitness and healthy lifestyles have changed from fashion and hobbyfor a few to official policy for many businesses andgovernments.

Smokingcigarettes is under siege as a habit. Smoking advertising is bannedin many areas.

Althoughpills for tension, heart conditions, weight and otherlife-threatening conditions are prescribed by Western doctors, mostnow require patients to develop healthy lifestyles by changingdiets and exercising more to keep well.

Trends for the 21st Century

(Trendsfor the 21st Century)

Whatproblems will our world encounter in the next 1000 years? Socialscientists and economists, farming experts and environmentalistspose this question and examine data, information from surveys.

In everyfield, experts examine changes to understand the state of thefield. To understand a country's economy, economists check growthin an industry such as steel. To understand the state of business,they may look at the number of building permits for new houses. Theinformation learned shows increases or decreases. Important trendsemerge in each field.

Population

Population is important to every person on Earth. People tend tolive longer in most places. In Central Europe, however, life spanis dropping because health care is not what it was a few years ago.Factors affecting general health include excessive smoking anddrinking of alcohol and polluted water supplies.

Thepopulation explosion on our planet has been increasing at analarming rate but the percentage of increase is decreasing. One outof every five people on Earth is Chinese, yet China's growth ratehas slowed. As the number of women going to school increases, thegrowth rate declines.

FoodProduction

Theproduction of grain seems to be decreasing mainly because ofclimate changes. Natural disasters like storms and floods havewashed away many crops.

With lessland for cattle and sheep, less meat like beef and lamb is beingproduced. Production of chicken, turkey and fish has increased,however. The amount of ocean fish has not increased, but fish farmproduction has.

Fishfarming is very efficient: producing a kilogram of fish utilizesless than 2 kilograms of feed, but it takes 2.2 kilograms of feedto produce 1 kilogram of chicken. One kilogram of beef requires 7kilograms of grain. People, therefore, may eat less red meat in thefuture and more fish.

Energy

Usingfossil fuels for energy has not altered very much but wind energyuse is increasing significantly. Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands,Britain, and America have large wind power projects. China, India,Mexico, New Zealand, and the Ukraine are also developing windpower.

Energyfrom nuclear power plants is steadily increasing but the problem ofdangerous waste limits growth in many regions. Because manyelectrical companies consider nuclear energy too expensive, thetrend is toward less dangerous sources of energy.

Whilenatural gas use increases, use of coal as fuel is decreasing.Natural gas, an outstanding energy fuel, can be used to heat homes,make electricity, and power cars.

Economics

Ascountries around the world trade more with one another, moreproducts are available. But the fast development of world economywill bring about many new problems. With fewer trees, the paperindustry is producing more paper from recycled materials but,unfortunately, damages the planet. The paper-making process useslarge amounts of water, burns fossil fuels and produces muchchemical waste.

Automobile production is down; bicycle production is up. Crowdedhighways, high gasoline costs, and ease of bicycling are threereasons for this change.

Health

Threemajor health trends exist as we begin the new century. Health careis better than ever. Medical research breakthroughs include findingtumors early, and saving lives through CAT scans and surgery.Surviving cancer is a new trend. HIV/AIDS, however, is spreadingquickly all over the world.

The thirdmajor trend is toward an attitude of indifference. People seem tohave forgotten ways to keep diseases under control. Althoughmedical science had achieved control over several dangerousdiseases, some are returning. For instance, tuberculosis, once adangerous killer, was cured. Now the disease is appearingagain.

Nature

Pollutioncontinues to affect our forests and water. The bird population isdecreasing because of oil spills and spreading cities. Seas andoceans are changing. Trees are cut down, more soil washes away, andwater quality is affected. Many of these trees are in our rainforests where thick areas of plants and trees, home for many birdsand animals, are disappearing.

Conclusion

Ourchallenges for this new century are clear. The problems of numerousinhabitants on this small planet will continue to be important toeach of us. These challenges show that all of us need to beinvolved in solving the problems. May we find new ways toaccomplish the task.

Lifestyles of the 21st Century

Americansin the future will probably not live as Americans do today. Fusion(核聚变) power will be capable of producing energy without limitswhile saving natural resources. People may live well past a hundredyears, be equipped with plastic body parts, and eat man-made foods.Space travelers will walk on the planets. These factors of lifewere science fiction images a few decades ago. Today such eventsare already discussed as if real.

How dopeople image life in the United States in the future? Below aresome predictions made by Richard N. Farmer, who gave hislight-hearted opinion of the "World of 2084."

Since noone wants to do the dirty, uninteresting factory-line work anymore, we decide not to. So we take some chimpanzees (黑猩猩), or if wereally want some strength, some great apes (猿), do a bit ofscientific engineering here and there, and we create some animals,which are made for the factory line. They work their eight hours aday, and don't mind the repetition a bit. . . .

JackBaxter, a common American of 2084, glanced at his stop-watch. Hewas slowing down; he could only run the kilometer in four minutesflat now, and when he was 80, he could do it in three-fifty. But,being 140 years old made a difference, regardless of what hisdoctor said. Jack had received his first cancer shot in 1981; hehad received his man-made heart in 2014, before they really gotthose human ones perfected, so he wasn't a very good example of acomplete human. But he felt pretty good he had been one of thelucky ones, who had received his shots to make him young againbefore he turned 40, so he was still a young-looking fellow. Ofcourse, he looked old in his world, since no one got much beyond30-looking any more. And, of course, he would die right now,fellows pushing 200 were in poor shape and kicking off . ...

Deathused to be a pretty simple thing. Body processes stopped, and youleft us. But nowadays even, it is not uncommon for a person to bebrought back with heart massage (按摩) perhaps a full hour or moreafter he's "dead." By 2084, if we can store a dead body in a coldrefrigerator room soon enough, lots of people who now would die maynot. Now we all die, sooner or later; maybe by 2084, we won't dieuntil we are good and ready. And that would be a new freedomindeed.

Johnny,who's almost 10, can't read, but no one is worried. Indeed, Johnnyhas been going to school since he was 3, but it hasn't been thekind of school that we are familiar with. The kids learn all sortsof things about living together and getting along with each other,but nothing about school subjects. You see, we have figured outthat age ten is about the time that a child can really put readingand mathematical skills to use. So, on his tenth birthday, Johnnygoes to the brain-control center. He sits for an hour or so under amachine that looks something like a hair-dryer, with him attachedto it. When he finishes, the entire reading, writing, and mathpatterns he needs to know are impressed right on his brain. Whyfool around for years drilling kids, when all education really ismade up of is a set of very mixed brain patterns? Just add themstraight onto the brain, and you save lots of time and money. Andif you want to teach any other kind of skills, like electricaltheory for electricity workers, well, there's a pattern for thattoo.

Unit 10

　living-room n. 客厅

　demonstrate vt. 演示，证明

vi. 参加游行；示威

▲integrity n. 诚实

▲morality n. 1.道德 2.德行

　boundary n. 1.界限；局限2.边界

　convenience n. 1.舒适；便利2.方便

　inner a. 1.内心的2.内在的；内部的

　compass n. 1.圆规 2.指南针

　scarce a. 稀少

　apply v. 1.（使）产生作用, 适用于; 运用 2.申请3.致力于

　triangle n. 三角（形）

　consist vi. 由...... 组成

　assistance n. 帮助，援助

　ensure vt. 1.确保 2.担保

▲surgeon n. 外科医生

▲sponge n. 海绵

　assure vt. 1.郑重告知 2.使确信

　protest v. 1.反对；抗议 2.宣称

n. 1.抗议 2.宣称

　concede v. 1.让与 2.承认

　intelligent a. 聪明

　clarify vt. 弄清楚；解释

　appoint vt. 任命

　nest n. 巢

vi. 筑巢

　doll n. 洋娃娃

　progressive a. 1.连续的；一步一步的2.进步的；先进的

　progressively ad. 逐步；逐渐

▲dwarf n. 侏儒

vt. (由于对比)使显得矮小，使相形见绌

　giant n. 1.巨人 2.伟人

a. 巨大的；重要的

　genuine a. 真实的

　core n. 1.中心或重要部分 2.核

　rely vi. 依靠，依赖; 信赖

　external a. 1.外在的；表面的2.外部的；外面的

　inevitable a. 不可避免的

　inevitably ad. 不可避免地

　preserve vt. 1.保存；保护2.储存

　mask n. 面具；面罩

vt. 1.戴面具 2.掩盖

　tough a. 1.很难的2.结实的；有力的

　conscience n. 良心；良知

　component n. 成分；部件

　basis n. 1.基础 2.主体；基地

▲enrich vt. 1.改善；改进 2.丰富

　relationship n. 1.亲属关系；友好关系2.关系；联系

　fashionable a. 时髦的；时尚的

　yield v. 1.屈服；放弃2.出产；生长于

　tempt vt. 诱惑

　attraction n. 1.魅力，吸引力2.吸引人的东西

　rear a. 后面的

n. 后面；背后

　rear-view n. 后视

　mirror n. 镜子

vt. 折射

Phrases and Expressions

　middle point 中间道路；折中

　sell out (to) 背叛事业或立场

　at hand 1.即将到来；近在手边 2.在考虑之中

　in short supply 缺货；短缺

　the bottom line 重要因素；关键的东西

　demand of 期待；要求

　consist of 由......组成

　stand for 1.主张；相信 2.承受；忍受 3.代表

　account for 1.报告（钱如何用） 2.说明（原因）；解释（原因）

　think of 1.考虑；为......设想 2.回想，想起 3.想像

　do fine 干得很好

　give (the) credit 赞扬

　rely on/upon 依赖；依靠

　feel good 感觉好

　engage in 1.参与 2.（使）关心

　in other words 换言之

　win the day 赢；成功

▲web n. 1.（计算机）网 2.蜘蛛网3.复杂的网络

　cheat v. 欺骗

n. 骗子

　nerve n. 1.神经 2.勇气；胆量3.厚颜

　ultimate a. 1.最大的2.最终的；最后的

　nightmare n. 1.恐怖的经历；可怕的事情2.恶梦

■illicit a. 非法的

　link n. 纽带

vt. 连接

　contemporary a. 1.当代的 2.同代的

n. 同代人

▲fake vt. 1.伪造；造假 2.假装

n. 假货；赝品

　appropriate a. 合适的，适当的

　download vt. 下载

▲reconcile vt. 1.和解 2.调和

　irreconcilable a. 不可调和的

▲dilemma n. 进退维谷；难处

　essay n. 文章；短文

　expense n. 花费；费用

　on-file a. 存档的

　per prep. 每

　consumer n. 消费者

　readily ad. 1.甘愿 2.轻易地

　fee n. 费；酬劳

　semester n. 学期

■emporium n. 商场

▲hail vt. 1.向欢呼......；拥戴（某人）为......2.招呼

　author n. 作者

▲authentic a. 真实的

　perceive vt. 1.看见2.理解；明白

◆twitch v. 抽动

n. 抽动

　intellectual a. 1.有知识的 2.理智的；智力的

n. 知识分子

　property n. 1.财产 2.房地产3.属性

　issue n. 1.要点；问题 2.（书、报等）期、号

vt. 1.颁布；发行 2.出版；刊行

　incline v. 1.倾向；意欲2.使倾向；使意欲

▲cynical a. 玩世不恭的；好挖苦人的

　notion n. 1.思想；理解 2.见解

▲incidence n. 发生率；影响范围

　view n. 1.观点 2.眼界；视域

vt. 1.考虑 2.看；观察

　proof a. 能防......的

n. 证据

　cheat-proof a. 能防止受骗的

　structure vt. 组织；构造；建造

　transform vt. 改变；改造

　hand-out (handout) n. 1.印发的讲稿等 2.施舍物

　drama n. 1.剧（单个戏剧）2.戏剧（戏剧总称）

▲narrative n. 1.故事 2.叙述；讲故事

a. 叙述的

▲curb vt. 抑制；控制

n. 抑制；控制

　media n. 媒介；媒体

　strategy n. 1.策略2.战略；兵法

　basically ad. 基本上

Phrases and Expressions

　for free 免费

　hand over 递交

　do the trick 达到目的

　get/have access to 有权得到、使用等

　hail as 称赞......, 为......

　figure out 理解 估算

　get off 搬移；取走

　a little bit 有点

　be inclined to 倾向于；容易（做）

　sort of 有点；有几分

▲make the most of 充分利用

Being Honest and Open

Mygrandparents believed that you were either honest or you were not.There was no middle point. They had a simple saying hanging ontheir living-room wall: "Life is like a field of newly fallen snow.Where I choose to walk every step will show." They didn’t have totalk about it; they demonstrated this truth by their lifestyle.

Theyunderstood instinctively that integrity involves having a personalstandard of morality and boundaries that does not sell out toconvenience and that is not relative to the situation at hand.Integrity is an inner compass for judging your behavior.

Unfortunately, integrity is in short supply today — and gettingscarcer. But it is the real bottom line in every area of societyand a discipline we must demand of ourselves. A good test for thisvalue is to apply what I call the "Integrity Triangle"; , whichconsists of three key principles:

Standfirmly for your convictions when confronted with personal pressure.There’s a story told about a surgical nurse’s assistance during herfirst day on the medical team at a well-known hospital. She wasresponsible for ensuring that all surgical instruments andmaterials were accounted for during an operation. The nurse said tothe surgeon, "You’ve only removed 11 sponges, and we used 12. Weneed to find the last one."

"Iremoved them all," the surgeon assured her. "We’ll close now."

"Youcan’t do that, sir," protested the nurse. "Think of thepatient."

Smiling,the surgeon lifted his foot and showed the nurse the twelfthsponge. "You’ll do just fine in this or any other hospital," heassured her.

When youknow you’re right, you can’t concede.

Alwaysgive others credit that is rightfully theirs. Don’t be afraid ofthose who might have a better idea or who might even be moreintelligent than you are.

DavidOgilvy, founder of the advertising firm Ogilvy & Mather,clarified this point to his newly appointed office heads by sendingeach of them a Russian nesting doll with five progressively smallerfigures inside.

Hismessage was contained in the smallest doll: "If each of us hirespeople who are smaller than we are, we shall become a company ofdwarfs. But if each of us hires people who are bigger than we are,Ogilvy & Mather will become a company of giants." And that isprecisely what O&M became — one of the largest and mostrespected advertising organisations in the world.

Be honestand open about who you really are. People who lack genuine corevalues rely on external factors — their looks or status — in orderto feel good about themselves. Inevitably they will do everythingthey can to preserve this false mask, but they will do very littleto enhance their inner value and personal growth.

So beyourself. Don’t engage in a personal cover-up of areas that areunpleasing in your life. "Tough times never last but tough peopledo," as Robert Schuller says. In other words, face reality and bemature in your responses to life’s challenges.

Self-respect and a clear conscience are powerful components ofintegrity and are the basis for enriching your relationships withothers. Integrity means you do what you do because it’s right andnot just fashionable or politically correct. A life of principle,of not yielding to the tempting attractions of an easy morality,will always win the day. It will take you forward into thetwenty-first century without having to check your tracks in arear-view mirror. My grandparents taught me that.

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Web Site Resources: The Best Aid for Cheating?

(Web SiteResources: The Best Aid for Cheating?)

SANFRANCISCO (CNN) — For generations of students, writing term papershas been a major source of nerves and frustration, if not theultimate homework nightmare. But for those with Internet access,illicit resources are just a few links away.

Thecontemporary student who wants to fake a term paper does not haveto search far. All one has to do is to go to the appropriate Website, where online papers can either be purchased, ordered, ordownloaded for free.

Collegiate Care Research Assistance, for instance, may do the job.Do you want to "write" a paper on "Hamlet’s irreconcilable moraldilemmas?" Simply hand over $29.75, and the essay is yours.

For thosewho find this too great an expense, there is an alternative.Collegiate Care, with its "highest quality papers at the lowestpossible prices," offers on-file papers for $5.95 per page. So, afew pages may just do the trick for the cost-conscious student.

GeniusPapers, another student assistance site, offers "high-quality" and"low-priced" term papers. "You will be happy and successful," theWeb site promises potential consumers.

If youare too lazy or simply too busy writing your own term paper, GeniusPapers is readily available. For a one-time fee of $9.95, you getaccess to pre-written papers for an entire semester.

Somesites, such as Term Paper Emporium and Absolutely Free: OnlineEssays offer course papers for free. Simply press the button anddownload — if you find the paper you want, that is.

Studentsare, of course, fully aware of these Web site resources, and somepeople worry that the Internet, once hailed as the ultimatelearning tool, could become the best aid yet for cheating.

Forteachers, the problem is figuring out whether a student’sauthor-ship is authentic. But, as teaching assistant Jane Morrisonexplained, the task may not be too difficult for the perceivingteacher.

"Studentswho have gotten it off the Internet don’t look at me, twitch alittle bit and look at their feet. And students who wrote every bitof it can talk about the paper very intelligently and look me inthe eye," Morrison said.

Fakingterm papers is nothing new, and stolen intellectual property hasbeen marketed for years. But the appearance ofthe Internet raises the issue: Is this new technology makingcheating more widespread?

A seniorofficial at Berkeley doubts it. "Students who are inclined to cheatare going to cheat regardless of the technology. I think it’s sortof a cynical notion to think that this new tool is going to spreadthe incidence of cheating," Gary Handman said.

This viewwas backed by Berkeley graduate student Arianne Chernock, who saysthat, after all, students have to decide what’s best forthemselves. "It’s a question of honesty. We’re here to learn, sowe’ve got to make the most of it ourselves."

Andinventive teachers can make their assignments almostcheat-proof.

"If youstructure the assignment in a creative way, and if students, forinstance, have to transform the information into a hand-out, or doa drama, or write an account in first person narrative, then youmay curb illicit work," said library media teacher LeslieFarmer.

That kindof strategy, some experts say, will basically force students to domore than simply download their education.

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How not to Cheat?

You'retaking a science test and are unsure of an answer. While theteacher is busy, you notice you can see the test answers of thestudent next to you.

Would youlook closer?

Are you acheater?

More thanhalf the kids in a national survey are. The "1998 Report Card onthe Ethics of American Youth" found that 7 out of every 10 highschool kids have cheated on a test at least once. Including allgrades, the number is more than 6 out of 10.

Andreports of cheating are increasing. There's intense pressure forkids to succeed. Sometimes they feel they have to — at anycost.

Parents,teachers, even friends can put a lot of pressure on students to getgood grades. Some parents threaten to punish for bad grades oroffer rewards for good marks.

Moststudents think about cheating at some time. It could be copyingsomeone else's answers; it could even be giving answers to somebodyelse.

"Ifthey're doing really badly in a subject, that makes kids want tocheat so they can get a better grade," says first Class Scout BenPatrick, 11, from Troop 69, Palatine, Illinois.

DavidKimwell, 16, of Provo, Utah, agrees, "Kids are driven to cheat whenthere is pressure to succeed."

But thesekids also know that succeeding on a test by cheating is not reallysucceeding at all.

Whenstudents cheat, they are less likely to really understand theirschoolwork. And when you don't understand your schoolwork, yourgrades will probably suffer; cheating can only get you so far.

Thebottom line is: If you don't really learn it now, you'll probablyhave to learn it later!

Here'show not to cheat:

Talk toyour parents. Think about the kinds of pressures they might beputting on you. Sometimes parents think rewarding or punishing willencourage kids to work harder, but often they don't encourage atall. Let your parents know how you feel, and let them know how theycan reduce school stress for you, while still encouraging goodgrades.

Changeyour study habits. Have you sometimes felt the urge to cheat whenyou didn't study well enough for a test? Try changing your studyhabits. Study with a friend or have your parents help. Do not forceall your studying into the last minute, and get a good night'ssleep before a test. Finally, make practice tests so you can focuson those areas in which you need the most work.

Talk toyour friends. If you feel stress to get good grades — and maybecheat — because your friends get better grades, talk to them. Askhow they prepare for tests and suggest studying in a group. Youmight get some ideas from them.

An honestC will get you much further than a not-so-honest A. Face it:Cheaters never succeed — and pay a high price when caught.

Whetheryou're a junior school student or a young adult at college, getcaught cheating and you'll pay the price — usually a very high one.Here's how schools handle cheaters:

Forjunior school students: a strict talk with the student and a callto the parents. Repeat cheaters are removed from in-schoolactivities.

Formiddle school students: a zero or no grade on the assignment or thetest on which the student cheated. Students may be removed fromin-school activities, and parents will be told.

Foruniversity students, like those in Harvard, Cambridge, orMassachusetts: cheaters are normally required to leave for twoback-to-back terms.

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