爱华网现在马斯洛的需要层次理论是出镜率非常广泛，谁都会拿出来说一说，特别是在相亲、情感和求职节 目大行其道的今天，总有那么几个情感专家、人才测评师坐镇其中，虽然说到的马斯洛需要层次理论不过是心理学的皮毛知识而已。虽然拿来装*远远不够，但是这是心理学的基础知识，如果不好好学习的话，可能会像周立波一样在节目充说成马洛斯。
Psychologist Abraham Maslow first introducedhis concept of a hierarchy of needs in his 1943 paper "A Theory ofHuman Motivation" and his subsequent book Motivation andPersonality. This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated tofulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advancedneeds.
心理学家亚伯拉罕·马斯洛1943年在他的论文《人类动机理论》和后来的书《动机与人格》中首先介绍了他的需要层次理论的概念。这种层次表明人的动机是满足基本需要然后再满足其他更高级的需要。
This hierarcy is most often displayed as apyramid. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the mostbasic needs, while the more complex needs are located at the top ofthe pyramid. Needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physicalrequirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth.Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on tothe next level of needs, which are for safety andsecurity.
这种需要层次常以金字塔的形式来表现。最低层次的金字塔是最基本的需要，而位于金字塔顶端的是更复杂的需求。金字塔自断的需求是基本的物理需求包括事物、水、睡眠和温暖。这些低层次的需要得到满足后，人们可以移动到下一更高层次的需要，这样比较安全。
As people progress up the pyramid, needsbecome increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need forlove, friendship, and intimacy become important. Further up thepyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings ofaccomplishment take priority. Like Carl Rogers, Maslow emphasizedthe importance of self-actualization, which is a process of growingand developing as a person in order to achieve individualpotential.
随着金字塔的升高，人们对心理和社会性的需求越来越多。很快，对于爱情、友情和亲密感的需要变得非常重要。金字塔进一步上升，对于自尊和自我实现的需求就更重要。马斯洛和罗杰斯一样强调自我实现的重要性，这是一个人成长发展以实现个人潜力的过程。
❤❤tips•°∴ ❤．．•°．•°∴❤．．•°．•°∴ ❤．．•°
Maslow believed that these needs are similarto instincts and play a major role in motivating behavior.Physiological, security, social, and esteem needs are deficiencyneeds (also known as D-needs), meaning that these needs arise dueto deprivation. Satisfying these lower-level needs is important inorder to avoid unpleasant feelings orconsequences.
马斯洛认为，这些需求和本能是相似的，而且在激励行为中起到了重要的作用。生理、安全、社交和尊重的需要是缺乏需求（D-需求），这意味着这些需求产生剥夺。满足这些低层次的需求十分重要，否则会产生不愉快的情绪后果。
Maslow termed the highest-level of thepyramid as growth needs (also known as being needs or B-needs).Growth needs do not stem from a lack of something, but rather froma desire to grow as a person.
马斯洛称金字塔的最高层级是增长需求（B-需求），增长的需求并不源于缺乏某种东西，而且一个人成长的愿望。
❤ ❤Five Levels of theHierarchy of Needs •°∴❤．．•°．•°∴❤．．•°．•°∴ ❤．．•°
There are five different levels in Maslow’s hierarchy ofneeds:
Physiological Needs
These include the most basic needs that are vital to survival, suchas the need for water, air, food, and sleep. Maslow believed thatthese needs are the most basic and instinctive needs in thehierarchy because all needs become secondary until thesephysiological needs are met.
生理需要
这些需要包括对于生存至关重要的内容，比如对于水、空气、食物和睡眠的需求、马斯洛认为，这些需求是最基本、最本能的需求，如果这些生理需求不能得到满足，其他的需求都不重要了。
Security Needs
These include needs for safety and security. Security needs areimportant for survival, but they are not as demanding as thephysiological needs. Examples of security needs include a desirefor steady employment, health insurance, safe neighborhoods, andshelter from the environment.
安全需求
这些需求包括安全与稳定。安全需求对于生存非常重要，但是是不如生理需求。安全需求的例子有渴望稳定的工作、医疗保险、社区安全和居住环境安全。
Social Needs
These include needs for belonging, love, and affection. Maslowconsidered these needs to be less basic than physiological andsecurity needs. Relationships such as friendships, romanticattachments, and families help fulfill this need for companionshipand acceptance, as does involvement in social, community, orreligious groups.
社会需要
这些需要包括归属感、爱与亲情的需要。马斯洛认为这些需求不如生理和安全需要重要。在社会、社区或宗教团体中的友谊、爱情与家庭可以帮助实现这一需要。
Esteem Needs
After the first three needs have been satisfied, esteem needsbecomes increasingly important. These include the need for thingsthat reflect on self-esteem, personal worth, social recognition,and accomplishment.
尊重需要
尊重的需要，前三种需要得到满足后，尊重需要变得十分重要。这包括自尊、个人价值、社会承认与实现。
Self-actualizing Needs
This is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.Self-actualizing people are self-aware, concerned with personalgrowth, less concerned with the opinions of others, and interestedfulfilling their potential.
自我实现的需要
在是马斯洛需求层次理论的最高水平。自我实现的人是有自我意识、关注个人成长、关心别人一件旅行自己潜力和兴趣的人。
❤ ❤Criticisms of Maslow'sHierarchy of Needs •°∴❤．．•°．•°∴❤．．•°．•°∴ ❤．．•°
While some research showed some support forMaslow's theories, most research has not been able to substantiatethe idea of a needs hierarchy.Wahba and Bridwell reported thatthere was little evidence for Maslow's ranking of these needs andeven less evidence that these needs are in a hierarchicalorder.
但是很多研究表明，马斯洛理论的需要层次理论并不能找到依据。Wahba和Bridwell报道，马斯洛对于这些需要的分级的证据是很少的，甚至不能确定这些需求是不是按照一定的层级。
Other criticisms of Maslow's theory note thathis definition of self-actualization is difficult to testscientifically.His research on self-actualization was also based ona very limited sample of individuals, including people he knew aswell as biographies of famous individuals that Maslow believed tobe self-actualized, such as Albert Einstein and EleanorRoosevelt.Regardless of these criticisms, Maslow's hierarchy ofneeds represents part of an important shift in psychology.Ratherthan focusing on abnormal behavior and development, Maslow'shumanistic psychology was focused on the development of healthyindividuals.
其他批评说道马斯洛理论中的自我实现是难以测量的。他对于自我实现的研究也只是局限于几个人的小样本，包括他认识的人和名人自传，这些他认为实现了获得了自我实现的人，比如爱因斯坦和罗斯福。但是抛开这些批评，马斯洛的需要层次理论给心理学带来了一个重要的转变，不再注重于对于异常行为和发展的研究（比如精神分析），马斯洛的人本主义心理学开始重视研究正常个体。
