爱华网冷战的序幕—丘吉尔铁幕演说
"铁幕"降临
第二次世界大战後,美国经济,军事实力急剧膨胀,成为世界头号资本主义强国.与此同时,苏联力量也逐渐强大,国际地位大大提高,东欧一些国家在苏联的影响下走上了社会主义道路.随著社会主义力量的不断发展,资本主义和主义注意之间的矛盾日益加深,西方国家提出了用除直接武装进攻意外的一切手段和梯队行动来戒指共产主义,一场没有硝烟的"冷战"(ColdWar)在以美国为首的资本主义国家和以苏联为首的社会主义国家之间展开.
英国前首相丘吉尔在美国富尔顿发表的反苏、反共演说。又称铁幕演说。1946年1月，丘吉尔应邀访美。3月5日，他在美国总统杜鲁门陪同下抵达密苏里州富尔顿，在杜鲁门的母校威斯敏斯特学院发表了题为“和平砥柱”的演说。丘吉尔在演说中公开攻击苏联“扩张”，宣称“从波罗的海的什切青到亚得里亚海边的里雅斯特，一幅横贯欧洲大陆的铁幕已经降落下来”，苏联对“铁幕”以东的中欧、东欧国家进行日益增强的高压控制。对苏联的扩张，不能采取“绥靖政策”。美国正高踞于世界权力的顶峰，应担负起未来的责任。主张英、美结成同盟，英语民族联合起来，制止苏联的“侵略”。富尔顿演说后不到10天，斯大林发表谈话，严厉谴责丘吉尔和他的朋友非常象希特勒及其同伴。演说是杜鲁门借他人之口发表的“冷战”宣言，是美国发动“冷战”的前奏曲
丘吉尔富尔顿演说（1946年3月5日）
“美国此刻正高踞于世界权力的顶峰。对美国民主来说，这是一个庄严的时刻。拥有最大的力量，也就是对未来负有令人敬畏的责任。放眼四顾，你不但觉得已经尽了应尽的责任，也感到忧虑，恐怕以后的成就未必能达到这样高的水平。对你我两国来说，现在都有一个机会在这里，一个明确的、光彩夺目的机会。如果拒绝、忽视、或糟蹋这个机会，我们将受到后世长期的责备。……
“当美国的军事人员在立场严重的局势时，他们习惯于在他们的指令的头上写上‘全面战略概念’字样。这种做法是明智的，因为它能使思想明朗化。那么，什么是我们为今天所应题写的全面战略概念呢？它不应该低于在一切地方的所有男女的所有家庭的安全和幸福以及自由和进步。……
“为了使这些无数的家庭得到安全，必须保护他们，使他们不受两个可怕的掠夺者——战争和暴政——的侵犯。……
“……为了防止战争这一主要目的，已经建立了一个世界组织。……我们必须使这一切得到肯定：它的工作是有成果的，它是一种现实而不是一种假象，它是一种行动力量而不仅只是语言的空谈，它是一种真正的和平之宫而不仅只是纷纷扰扰争吵的场所……
“然而，我有一个明确而实际的行动建议要提出来。宫廷和地方行政长官没有县吏和皂吏就不能办事。因此，必须马上着手给联合国配备一支国际武装力量。在这个问题上，只能一步一步来，但我们必须从现在开始着手做。我建议，应邀请每一个大国和其它成员国派出一定数量的空军中队，为这个世界性组织服役。这些中队将由本国训练和筹备，但在各国轮流驻扎。他们身着本国的军服，佩戴不同的徽章。不能要求他们对自己的国家作战，但在其它方面将受这世界性组织的指挥。这个办法可以小规模地实行起来，让它随着我们信心的增长而扩大。第一次世界大战后我曾希望做到这一步，相信现在会立即办到。
“不过，如果把美国、英国和加拿大现在所共同掌握的制造原子弹的秘密知识和经验托付给这个仍处于婴儿时代的世界性组织，马氏错误的和轻率的。如果任凭这种秘密知识在这依然骚动和不团结的世界上自然发展，那是罪恶的发狂。……
“现在我讲到威胁着茅舍家庭和普通老百姓的第二个危险，即暴政。我们不能无视一个事实，就是美国和大英帝国的个别公民到处都能享受的自由，在相当多的国家里是不存在的，其中一些是十分强大的国家。在这些国家里，各种包罗万象的警察政府对老百姓强加控制，达到了压倒和违背一切民主原则的程度。或是一些独裁者，或是组织严密的寡头集团，他们通过一个享有特权的党和一支政治警察队伍，毫无节制地行使着国家的大权。在这多难的岁月，我们的责任不是同武力去干预那些我们不曾征服的国家的内部事务。但是，我们绝不能放弃以大无畏的声调宣扬自由的伟大原则和基本人权。这些英语世界的共同遗产，继大宪章、人权法案、人身保护法、陪审团审讯制、以及英国习惯法之后，它们又在美国独立宣言中得到举世闻名的表现。
“到此为止，我们显然是完全一致的。现在，当仍然奉行这个实现我们全面战略概念的方法的时候，我要讲一讲此行要谈的关键问题。没有我所称之为各英语民族同胞手足一样的联合，有效地防止战争和继续发展世界组织都是办不到的。这种联合就是以英联邦与帝国为一方和以美利坚合众国为另一方建立特殊的关系。现在不是泛泛空谈的时候，我要明确地谈谈。
“兄弟般的联合不仅要求我们两个庞大的、有血缘关系的社会制度之间存在着日益增长的友谊和相互谅解，而且要求双方军事顾问继续保持密切的联系，以便共同研究潜在的危险。武器的异同，训练的教材，以及在军事院校互换军官和学员的问题。它还应包括联合使用两国在世界各地掌握的所有海空基地，使现有的设施继续用于共同安全的目的。……
“不久刚被盟国的胜利所照亮的大地，已经罩上了阴影。没有人知道，苏俄和它的共产主义国际组织打算在最近的将来干些什么，以及它们扩张和传教倾向的止境在哪里，如果还有止境的话。对于英勇的俄罗斯人民和我的战时伙伴斯大林元帅，我十分钦佩和尊敬。在英国——我毫不怀疑，在这里也是一样——人们对俄国各族人民怀有同情和善意，决心经受种种分歧和挫折，建立起持久的友谊。
“我们理解，俄国需要它西部边界的安全，以免再次遭受德国的侵略。我们欢迎它占有它在世界大国中有权占有的地位。我们特别欢迎的是，在俄国人民和大西洋两岸的我方人民之间保持经常不断的、频繁的和日益增多的接触。但是，我有责任把有关当前欧洲形势的某些事实摆在你们面前。
“从波罗的海的斯德丁〔什切青〕到亚得里亚海边的的里雅斯特，一幅横贯欧洲大陆的铁幕已经降落下来。在这条线的后面，坐落着中欧和东欧古国的都城。华沙、柏林、布拉格、维也纳、布达佩斯、贝尔格莱德、布加勒斯特和索菲亚——所有这些名城及其居民无一不处在苏联的势力范围之内，不仅以这种或那种形式屈服于苏联的势力影响，而且还受到莫斯科日益增强的高压控制。只有雅典，放射着它不朽的光辉，在英、美、法三国现场观察下，自由地决定它的前途。
“受俄国支配的波兰政府被怂恿对德国领土实行大片的、不义的侵占，正在以可悲的、梦想不到的规模把数以百万计的德国人成群地驱逐出境。在所有这些东欧国家原来都很弱小的共产党，已经上升到同它们党员人数远不相称的主导的、掌权的地位，到处争取极权主义的控制。几乎在每一处，都是警察政府占了上风。到目前为之，除了捷克斯洛伐克，根本没有真正的民主。
“土耳其和波斯〔伊朗〕都为莫斯科政府向它们提出的要求和对它们施加的压力而感到惊惶万分。驻在柏林的俄国人正试图通过对各左翼领导集团的袒护，在他们的德国占领区建立一个准共产党。去年6月战斗结束时，美国和英国军队按照先前的协议，从一条将近四百英里宽的战线上西撤，在某些地方深达一百五十英里。这样就让俄国人占领了西方民主国家所攻打下来的辽阔的土地。
“现在，如果苏联政府试图单独行动，在他们的地区建立一个亲共的德国，就将给英美两国占领区制造严重的困难，授予了战败的德国人以在苏联和西方民主国家之间拍卖抬价的权力。这些都是事实。不论我们从中得到什么结论，这肯定不是我们进行武装斗争所要建立的解放的欧洲，也不是一个具有永久和平必要条件的欧洲。
“在横跨欧洲的铁幕前面，还有其它令人焦虑的因素。意大利共产党由于不得不支持共产党训练的铁托元帅对亚得里亚海顶端的前意大利领土的要求，受到严重的牵制。尽管如此，意大利还是前途未卜。再一点，欧洲的复兴，如无一个强大的法国，这是不可思议的。在我的全部公职生活中，我总是为使法国强大而工作着。甚至在最黑暗的日子里，我也不曾对它的命运丧失信心。现在也不会丧失信心。
“不过，在远离俄国边界、遍布世界各地的许多国家里，共产党第五纵队已经建立。它绝对服从来自共产主义中心的指令，完全协调地工作着。除了在英联邦和美国——那里的共产主义运动还在婴儿时代——共产党，即第五纵队到处构成对基督教文明的日益严重的挑衅和危险。这是任何人在取得胜利的次日都应该记诵的一些黯淡的事实。这一胜利是通过在战斗中以及在自由和民主的事业中结成情谊深厚的战友关系取得的。如果我们不趁还来得及的时候正视这些事实，那就太不明智了。
“……我不相信苏俄希望战争。他们所希望的是得到战争的果实，以及他们的权力和主义的无限扩张。因此，趁今天还为时未晚，我们在这里要考虑的是永久制止战争和尽速在一切国家为自由和民主创造条件的问题。
“对于困难和危险视而不见，不能解决问题；袖手旁观，也不解决问题；采取绥靖政策，也无济于事。现在需要的是作出解决问题的安排。拖得越久，就越困难，对我们的危险也就越大。大战期间，我对我们俄国朋友和盟友的观察所得的印象使我坚信，他们所钦佩的莫过于实力，而他们最瞧不起的是军事上的虚弱。由于这个缘故，势力均衡的旧理论不适用了。如果可以避免的话，我们再也经不起在只留有狭小余地的情况下进行工作，从而提供了进行较量的诱惑。假使西方民主国家团结一致，严守联合国宪章的原则，那么，它们推行这些原则的影响力将是巨大的，没有人会来冒犯它们。不过，假使它们四分五裂，在自己执行职责时手软，假使让这紧要关头的几年白白混过去，那么，我们大家确实都要在浩劫中被毁灭了。
“上一次，我曾目睹大战来临，对自己本国同胞和全世界大声疾呼，但是人们都听不进。近至1933年，甚至1935年，或许还能把德国从后来落到它头上的可怕命运中拯救出来，使我们大家都免遭希特勒强加于人类的苦难。
“在全部历史中，没有一次战争比前不久使地球上这么多广大地区沦为废墟的这次大战，更容易同及时的行动加以制止。它本来可以不发一枪就被制止住，而德国本来可以至今是一个强大、繁荣、受尊敬的国家。但是，谁也听不进。于是所有我们这些国家，一个接一个都被卷入可怕的漩涡中了。
“我们肯定地必须不让那种事重演。这只有这样做才能达到：在现时，即一九四六年，在联合国普遍权威之下，就所有问题同俄国达成良好的谅解；并且通过这个世界性组织，在讲英语的世界及其一切联系地区的全力支持下，使上述良好的谅解在许多和平的年份中维持下去。
“请不要把不列颠帝国和联邦的坚持的能力加以低估。……如果在美国的人口之外，再加上英语联邦的人口，再加上这种合作关系所涉及的在空中、海上、科学和工业各方面的合作，那就不会出现不稳定的、靠不住的力量均衡，致使野心家和冒险家情不自禁。……倘若英国所有道义上、物质上的力量和信念，都同你们的力量和信念兄弟般的联合在一起，那么，就将不仅为我们、为我们的时代，而且也将为所有的人，为未来的世纪，带来一个广阔的前程，这是明确无疑的。”
原文
Churchill Fulton speech (March 5,1946)
"The United States is the highest in theworld at the moment the pinnacle of power. Democracy to the UnitedStates, this is a solemn moment. With the largest force, which isto have the awesome responsibility of the future. Sigu look, younot only feel that has made Obligations, also are worried, I amafraid that after the success may not be able to achieve such ahigh level. I am to you the two countries, now have an opportunityhere, a clear, dazzling opportunities. If rejected, neglected , Orwaste this opportunity, we will be blamed for the long-term futuregenerations.……
"When the United States military personnelin the position of a serious situation, they used to in theircommand of the head to write on 'comprehensive strategic conceptof' words. This is wise, because it can become clear thinking. So,what Today we are to be inscribed for a comprehensive strategy isthe concept of «It should not be lower than in all places all themen and women of all households in the safety and well-being andfreedom and progress.……
"To the families of these numeroussecurity, we must protect them so that they are not two terriblepredators - war and tyranny - a violation.……
"…… To prevent the main purpose of thiswar, have established a world organization.…… We must be sure thatall this: it is the outcome of the work, it is a reality and not anillusion, it is a Kind of action forces is not only the emptylanguage, it is a real peace of the Palace and have Raorao quarrelis not only a venue……
"However, I have a clear and practicalrecommendations for action to put them forward. Palace and theChief Executive has not Xianli local soap and officials can notact. Therefore, we must immediately proceed to the United Nationswith an international armed forces. On this issue, Can only step bystep, but we must from now begun to do so. I propose, should beinvited to a big country and every other member states sent acertain number of Air Force squadrons, for the worldwide serviceorganization. Squadron of these will be their training andpreparation, but States stationed in the rotation. They dressed intheir uniform, wearing different insignia. Can not ask them fortheir own national operations, but in other areas will be subjectto this world body's command. This approach can be carried outsmall-scale, it As our confidence in the growth and expansion.After World War I, I do hope that this step, I believe that nowwould immediately do so.
"However, if the United States, Britainand Canada are now jointly control the manufacture of atomic bombsecrets entrusted to knowledge and experience in this era is stillin its infancy worl dwide, Markov wrong and reckless. If despitethis knowledge in secret This is still unrest and lack of unity ofthe world's natural development, it is evil mad.……
"Now I mentioned a threat to families andordinary people Maoshe The second danger, that is tyranny. We cannot ignore the fact that the United States and the British Empireof individual citizens everywhere will enjoy the freedom, in aconsiderable number of countries is not Exist, some of which is avery powerful country. In these countries, various all-inclusivegovernment of the people of the police to impose control, tooverwhelm all the principles of democracy and contrary to theextent or some dictator, or well-organized oligarchic Group,through a privileged party and a political police force,unrestrained exercise of the country's power in this more difficultyears, our responsibility is not to interfere with the use of forcewhere we have not conquered the country's internal affairs However,we must not give up the courage to promote freedom of tone in thegreat principles and fundamental human rights. Those of the commonheritage of the English-speaking world, following the Magna Carta,the Bill of Rights, habeas corpus, jury trial system, and theBritish common law, they Also in the U.S. Declaration ofIndependence in the performance by the world-famous.
"Stop here, it is clear that we arecompletely identical. Now, when we are still pursuing acomprehensive strategy to achieve this concept of the way, I wouldlike to talk about this trip to discuss the key issues. I have notcalled the English national Hand, Foot and compatriots in the samejoint and effective prevention of war and the continued developmentof world organizations are impossible. This is a joint Commonwealthand Empire on the one hand and the United States of America on theother to establish a special relationship now is not empty talk ofa general Time, I would like to clearly talk about.
"Fraternal joint requires not only our twohuge, the blood ties between the social system there is a growingfriendship and mutual understanding, but also for the two militaryadvisers continue to maintain close contact in order to jointlystudy the potential dangers. Weapons The similarities anddifferences, training materials, and military academies in theexchange of military officers and students of the problem. Itshould also include joint use of the two countries in various partsof the world master of all sea and air bases, so that the existingfacilities continue to be used for the purposes of common security.……
"The victory of the allies soon just beenlit up by the earth, has cast a shadow. No one knows, the SovietUnion and its communist international organizations intend toGanxieshenme in the near future, and their tendency to preach andexpansion in the limit Where, if there are endless words. For thevaliant Russian people and I Marshal Stalin's wartime partners, Igreatly admire and respect. In the United Kingdom - I have no doubtthat here is the same - people of the Russian people of all ethnicgroups Have sympathy and goodwill, determined to withstand allkinds of differences and setbacks, and establish a lastingfriendship.
"We understand that Russia needs thesecurity of its western border to avoid recurrence of Germany'saggression and we welcome it occupies in the country in the worldhave the right to occupy the position. In particular, we welcomethat, in the Russian people and both sides of the Atlantic IBetween the peoples of the regular continuous, frequent and growingnumber of contacts, but I have the responsibility to Europe on thecurrent situation facing some of the facts before you."From theBaltic Szczecin Side Ding [] to the Adriatic side of Trieste, anIron Curtain across the European continent have landed down in thisline of the rear, is located in Central and Eastern Europe'sancient capital. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest,Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia - all in the city and its residentsare all within the Soviet sphere of influence, not only in one formor another Succumbed to Soviet influence, but also by Moscow'sincreasingly high-pressure control. Only Athens, with its enduringradiation brilliant, in Britain, the United States, the threecountries observed the law, the freedom to determine itsfuture.
"Russia's domination by the Polishgovernment was encouraging the implementation of large tracts ofGerman territory, not just the occupation, is a sad, less than thesize of the dream to millions of German groups to deportation. Inall these Eastern European countries The original very smallCommunist Party, has risen to the same far from proportionate totheir membership of the dominant, the status of power everywherefor totalitarian control. Almost everywhere, are the police got theupper hand. To present it Apart from Czechoslovakia, there is notrue democracy."Turkey and Persia [Iran] are for the Moscowgovernment to put forward their demands and the pressure exerted onthem and feel great panic. Based in Berlin, the Russians are tryingto by the left-wing leadership of the shielding in their occupiedterritories of Germany The establishment of a prospective CommunistParty. Last year in June at the end of the fighting, the U.S. andBritish forces in accordance with previous agreements, nearly 400miles from a wide front, dismantling the West, in some places up to150 miles deep. So let Russia Chinese occupation of the Westerndemocratic countries to attack down the vast land.
"Now, if the Soviet Union the governmentis trying to act alone, in their region to establish apro-Communist Germany, Britain and the United States on theoccupied territories will create serious difficulties, given thedefeat of Germany to the Soviet Union and the Western democraticcountries between auction Shill bidding power. These are the facts.Whether we get what conclusions, it is certainly not our armedstruggle to establish the liberation of Europe, nor is it anecessary condition for lasting peace in Europe.
"In front of the Iron Curtain acrossEurope, there are other worrying factor. Italian Communist Party asthe Communist Party to support the training of Marshal Tito on theAdriatic Sea before the top of the Italian territorial demands, aserious constraint. Despite So, Italy or uncertainty. Again, therejuvenation of Europe, if not a strong France, this isinconceivable. In all my public life, I always make for a strongand work in France, even in the darkest Days, I do not have thefate of its loss of confidence. Now will not lose theirconfidence.
"However, far away from the Russianborder, across many countries around the world, the Communist Partyof fifth column has been established. It absolute obedience fromcommunism and the command center, fully coordinated with the work.Apart from the Commonwealth and the United States -- Where thecommunist movement is still infant era - the Communist Party, thatis, around a fifth column of Christian civilization of theincreasingly serious provocation and dangerous. This is no victoryin the next day should Jisong some of the bleak facts. This Avictory by the fighting and in the cause of freedom and democracyin the form of the profound friendship of comrades-in-armsrelationship. If we do not also time to take the time to addressthese facts, it is ill-advised.
"…… I do not believe that the Soviet Unionwant war. They want to get the fruits of war, and their powers andin the unlimited expansion. Therefore, while today it is not toolate, we are here to consider a permanent halt War and as soon aspossible in all countries to create conditions for freedom anddemocracy issues.
"The difficult and dangerous turn a blindeye will not solve the problem; stand by and do not solve theproblem; taken appeasement policy, but also of no avail. What isneeded now is to make arrangements to solve the problem. The longerthe delay, the more difficult, the more we risk Large. During WorldWar I to our friends and allies in Russia's observation of theimpression that I firmly believe that they are admirable is thestrength, and they look down on most of the military weakness. Forthis reason, the old balance of power theory NA has. Could havebeen avoided if so, we can only have a small can not stand in thecase of room for work, thus providing a trial of strength betweenthe temptation. If the Western democracies solidarity, adherence tothe principles of the United Nations Charter, then Theirimplementation of these principles influence will be enormous, noone will be offensive to them, but if they fall apart, in theimplementation of their duties without mercy, if this criticaljuncture for the mixed over the past few years in vain, then wereally are To be destroyed in the catastrophe.
"The last time, I have seen war come totheir own compatriots and the world outcry, but people are TingbuJin. Almost to 1933 and even 1935, perhaps also to Germany from itlater fell on the head of the terrible Save fate, so that we allcategories from Hitler to impose the suffering.
"In all of history, not a war that notlong ago on the planet than many reduced to ruins of vast areas ofthe war, more easily and timely action be stopped. It could havenot been stopped a shot on the living, while Germany Could havebeen so far is a strong, prosperous, respected country, but no oneTingbu Jin. So all of our countries, one after another have beeninvolved in the midst of the terrible.
"We are sure that things must not repeatitself. This can be achieved only by doing so: in the present, thatis, in 1946, under the authority of the United Nations in general,on all the issues with Russia reached a good understanding and,through this World body, the world speak English Contact region allits full support so that the good understanding in many peace inthe years continue.
"Please do not the British Empire and theFederation's ability to adhere to underestimate.…… If the U.S.population, coupled with the English Federation of the population,coupled with this partnership involved in the air, sea, science andIndustrial cooperation in various aspects, it will not appearunstable, precarious balance of power, and adventurers can not helpbut result careerist.…… If the British all moral and materialstrength and conviction, with all your strength and faith Fraternaljoint together, then not only will we, for our era, but also forall people, for the next century, bringing a broad future, it isundoubtedly clear of. "
