草甘膦与生育缺陷:草甘膦除草剂致癌

对草甘膦现有的批准有什么错误?12.1公开发表的经同行审查的科学文献被拒绝:草甘膦除草剂致癌性。2002年的审查声称对草甘膦与草甘膦除草剂对致癌性“没有证据”。但是,2002年审查以前很长时间就知道草甘膦有致癌性效应。本文系《草甘膦除草剂与生育缺陷是否向公众掩盖真相?》第12章前部分。

What’s wrong with the current approval of glyphosate?:12.1 Open peer reviewed scientific literature is denied:Reveals Glyphosate/Roundup causeCarcinogenicity。The 2002 review claims“no evidence” of carcinogenicity for glyphosate andglyphosate trimesium. But glyphosate was known to have carcinogeniceffects long before the 2002 review. This paper is1st part of section 12 of “Roundup and birth defects --Is the public being kept in the dark?”

12. Whats wrong with the current approval of glyphosate?(3)

12. 对草甘膦现有的批准有什么错误?(3

-- Roundup and birth defects-- Is the public being kept in thedark?

-- 草甘膦除草剂与生育缺陷 –是否向公众掩盖真相?

译者:陈一文(cheniwan@cei.gov.cn)

Translated by Chen I-wan

《转基因技术与人类安全》研究专家、80年代前全国青联委员

“GM Technology & MankindSafety” researcher

《新浪网》“陈一文顾问博客”:http://blog.sina.com.cn/cheniwan

译自《地球开放式资源》网站下载pdf文件:

Translated from pdf document downloadat:

http://earthopensource.org/files/pdfs/Roundup-and-birth-defects/RoundupandBirthDefectsv5.pdf

[Translator’s note: This is 1st draftof direct translation, unproof read. If errors are found, thetranslator most appreciates being notifying.]

【译者注;本文系直译第1稿,未经校对。如果发现译误,感谢告知译者。】

Carcinogenicity

致癌性

The 2002 review claims“no evidence” of carcinogenicity for glyphosate andglyphosate trimesium. But glyphosate was known to have carcinogeniceffects long before the 2002 review.

2002年的审查声称对草甘膦与草甘膦除草剂对致癌性“没有证据”。但是,2002年审查以前很长时间就知道草甘膦有致癌性效应。

Two long-term studies on rats wereconducted in 1979–1981 and 1988–1990.[274] The rats received 3, 10 and 32 mg/kgof glyphosate per day in the first study and 100, 410 and 1060mg/kg per day in the second. The first study found a significantincrease in tumours in the testes of rats fed glyphosate, but thesame effect was not found in the second test using the higherdoses. On this basis, glyphosate was excluded from the carcinogeniccategory.[275, 276]

1979-1981年与1988-1990年对老鼠进行了两项长期研究。[274] 第一项研究中,老鼠每天接受3、10与32mg/kg草甘膦,第二项研究中每天接受100、410与1060mg/kg草甘膦。第一项研究在喂食了草甘膦的老鼠试验中发现肿瘤显著增多,但是喂食更高剂量草甘膦的第二项试验没有发现同样的效应。在此基础上,将草甘膦从致癌性类别中取消。[275、276]

274. WHO (World Health Organization).1994. Glyphosate. Environmental Health Criteria. 159.

274. WHO(世界卫生组织)。1994。草甘膦。环境健康标准。159.

http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc159.htm#SectionNumber:7.3

275. WHO (World Health Organization).1994. Glyphosate. Environmental Health Criteria. 159.

275. 274. WHO(世界卫生组织)。1994。草甘膦。环境健康标准。159.

http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc159.htm#SectionNumber:7.3

276. Dallegrave, E., Mantese, F. D.et al. 2003. The teratogenic potential of the herbicideglyphosate-Roundup in Wistar rats. Toxicol Lett 142(1–2):45-52.

276. Dallegrave, E., Mantese, F.D.等,2003。草甘膦除草剂农达在Wistar鼠中的致畸形潜力。毒理学通讯,142(1–2): 45-52.

This move was based on outdated andincorrect assumptions about toxicology. It used to be thought thattoxic effects increased in proportion to dose, and that there is asafe level of a chemical, below which toxic effects are not found.But toxicologists now know that these assumptions are not alwaystrue. Some chemicals have more potent effects (notably endocrineeffects) at l ow doses than higher doses.[277] In some cases, no safe threshold canbe found.[278, 279] However, regulators have not revisedtheir conclusions on glyphosate based on up-to-date scientificknowledge.

这样一项措施基于对于毒理学的过时了的以及不正确的假设。原本想像毒性效应随剂量按比例增加,而且认为对一种化学品存在着一个安全水平,毒性效应在这个水平之下不被发现。但是,毒理学家们现在知道,这些假设不一定总正确。某些化学品在低剂量比高剂量具有威力更强大的效应(特别是内分泌效应)。[277] 在某些情况下,找不到它们的安全门槛(安全阈值)。[278、279] 然而,政府监管者们没有基于最新的科学知识修正他们对草甘膦的结论。

277. Gierthy, J. F. 2002. Testing forendocrine disruption: how much is enough? Toxicol Sci 68(1):1-3.

277. Gierthy, J.F.,2002。对内分泌干扰进行试验:多少足够?毒理学科学,68(1): 1-3.

278. Sheehan, D. M. 2006.No-threshold dose-response curves for nongenotoxic chemicals:findings and applications for risk assessment. Environ Res 100(1):93-99.

278. Sheehan, D.M.,2006。对非致基因毒性化学品没有阈值剂量-反应曲线:对风险评估的发现与应用。环境研究,100(1): 93-99.

草甘膦与生育缺陷:草甘膦除草剂致癌

279. Vom Saal, F. S. and Hughes,C. 2005. An extensive new literatureconcerning low-dose effects of bisphenol A shows the need for a newrisk assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives 113:926–933.

279. Vom Saal, F. S. and Hughes,C.,2005。有关双酚A(BPA)低剂量影响的广泛新的文献表明进行新的风险评估的需要。环境性健康前景,113: 926–933.

Studies from the independentliterature also show that Roundup and glyphosate have carcinogeniceffects:

独立文献的研究表明草甘膦除草剂农达与草甘膦具有致癌性效应:

●Glyphosate induces cancer in mouseskin[280]

●草甘膦在小鼠皮肤中诱发癌[280]

●Epidemiological studies show a linkbetween Roundup/glyphosate exposure and two types of cancer:multiple myeloma[281] and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.[282, 283, 284]

●流行病学研究表明草甘膦除草剂农达/草甘膦暴露与两种癌症关联:多发性骨髓瘤[281]与非霍奇金淋巴瘤。[282、283、284]

●Other studies (mentioned underGenotoxicity, above) show that Roundup, glyphosate, and itsmetabolite AMPA cause changes to cells and DNA that are known tolead to cancer.[285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290]

●其他的研究(在前述“致基因毒性”一节中提到)表明,草甘膦除草剂农达、草甘膦、及其代谢物AMPA对细胞与DNA造成已知导致癌症的变化。[285、286、287、288、289、290]

280. George, J., Prasad, S., Mahmood,Z., Shukla, Y. 2010. Studies on glyphosate-induced carcinogenicityin mouse skin: A proteomic approach. J Proteomics 73:951–964.

280. George, J., Prasad, S., Mahmood,Z., Shukla, Y.,2010。对小鼠皮肤中草甘膦诱发致癌性的研究:一种蛋白质组学方法。蛋白质组学杂志,73: 951–964.

281. De Roos, A. J., Blair, A.,Rusiecki, J. A., et al. 2005. Cancer incidence amongglyphosate-exposed pesticide applicators in the Agricultural HealthStudy. Environ Health Perspect. 113(1): 49–54.

281. De Roos, A. J., Blair, A.,Rusiecki, J. A.等,2005。农业健康研究中草甘膦暴露农药喷洒者中的癌症发生率。环境性健康前景,113(1): 49–54.

282. Hardell, L., Eriksson, M. 1999.A case-control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and exposure topesticides. Cancer. 85(6): 1353–1360.

282. Hardell, L., Eriksson,M.,1999。非霍奇金淋巴瘤与农药暴露的对照组研究。癌症。85(6): 1353–1360.

283. Hardell, L., Eriksson, M., Nordstrom,M. 2002. Exposure to pesticides as risk factorfor non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia: pooled analysisof two Swedish case-control studies. Leuk Lymphoma. 43(5): 1043–1049.

283. Hardell, L., Eriksson, M., Nordstrom,M.,2002。农药暴露作为对非霍奇金淋巴瘤与多毛细胞白血病的风险因素:两项瑞典对照组研究的合并分析。白血病淋巴瘤。43(5): 1043–1049.

284. Eriksson, M., Hardell, L.,Carlberg, M., Akerman, M. 2008. Pesticide exposure as risk factorfor non-Hodgkin lymphoma including histopathological subgroupanalysis. Int J Cancer. Oct 1 2008;123(7): 1657–1663.

284. Eriksson, M., Hardell, L.,Carlberg, M., Akerman, M.,2008。农药暴露作为对非霍奇金淋巴瘤的风险因素,包括组织病理学子群分析。国际癌症杂志,10月1日,2008;123(7): 1657–1663.

285. Mañas, F., Peralta, L., Raviolo,J., Garcia, O.H., Weyers, A., Ugnia, L., Gonzalez, C.M., Larripa,I., Gorla, N. 2009. Genotoxicity of glyphosate assessed by theComet assay and cytogenic tests. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 28:37–41.

285. Mañas, F., Peralta, L., Raviolo,J., Garcia, O.H., Weyers, A., Ugnia, L., Gonzalez, C.M., Larripa,I., Gorla, N.,2009。由彗星分析与细胞基因试验评估的草甘膦致基因毒性。环境毒理学药理学,28: 37–41.

286. Manas, F., Peralta, L. et al.2009. Genotoxicity of AMPA, the environmental metabolite ofglyphosate, assessed by the Comet assay and cytogenetic tests.Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 72(3): 834–837.

286. Manas, F., Peralta,L.等,2009。草甘膦环境代谢物AMPA由彗星分析与细胞基因试验评估的致基因毒性。生态毒性环境安全,72(3): 834–837.

287. Marc, J., Mulner-Lorillon, O.,Belle, R. 2004. Glyphosate-based pesticides affect cell cycleregulation. Biol Cell. 96(3): 245–249.

287. Marc, J., Mulner-Lorillon, O.,Belle, R.,2004。草甘膦为基础农药影响细胞周期雕制。生物细胞。96(3): 245–249.

288. Bellé, R., Le Bouffant, R., Morales, J.,Cosson, B., Cormier, P., Mulner-Lorillon O. 2007. Sea urchinembryo, DNA-damaged cell cycle checkpoint and the mechanismsinitiating cancer development. J Soc Biol. 201: 317–327

288. Bellé, R., Le Bouffant, R., Morales, J.,Cosson, B., Cormier, P., Mulner-Lorillon O.,2007。海胆胚胎,DNA损伤细胞周期检查点与启动癌症发展的机制。社会生物学杂志,201: 317–327

289. Marc, J., Mulner-Lorillon, O.,Boulben, S., Hureau, D., Durand, G., Bellé, R. 2002. Pesticide Roundup provokescell division dysfunction at the level of CDK1/cyclin B activation.Chem Res Toxicol. 15(3): 326–331.

289. Marc, J., Mulner-Lorillon, O.,Boulben, S., Hureau, D., Durand, G., Bellé, R.,2002。草甘膦除草剂农达在CDK1/细胞周期蛋白活化水平激发细胞分类功能失调。化学研究毒理学。15(3): 326–331.

290. Marc, J.,Bellé, R., Morales, J., Cormier, P.,Mulner-Lorillon, O. 2004. Formulated glyphosate activates theDNA-response checkpoint of the cell cycle leading to the preventionof G2/M transition. Toxicol Sci. 82(2): 436–442.

290. Marc, J.,Bellé, R., Morales, J., Cormier, P.,Mulner-Lorillon, O.,2004。配方的草甘膦启动细胞周期DNA-反应检查点导致防止G2/M传递。毒理学科学。82(2): 436–442.

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