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Expressive aphasia,known as Broca's aphasia in clinical neuropsychology and agrammaticaphasia in cognitive neuropsychology, is caused by damage to ordevelopmental issues in anterior regions of the brain, including(but not limited to) the left posterior inferiorfrontal gyrus known as Broca's area (Brodmann area 44 and Brodmannarea 45). Expressive aphasia differs from dysarthria, which ischaracterized by a patient's inability to properly move the musclesof the tongue and mouth to produce speech. Expressive aphasiacontrasts with receptive aphasia, which is characterized by apatient's inability to comprehend language or speak withappropriately meaningful words.
表达性失语症，在临床神经心理学上叫做“布罗卡是失语症”，在认知神经心理学上叫做“语法错乱失语症”，由脑前区的发展组织损伤引起，包括（但不限于）左额回后下部（即布罗卡氏区，即Brodmannarea 44 and Brodmann area45）。表达性失语症不同于“构音困难”（特点是病人不能恰当地运动舌头和口部肌肉以产生言语。表达性失语症完全不同于“感觉性失语症”（特点是病人不能理解语言，或者不能用意思恰当的词说话）。
【这意味着这种失语症是“真正地”不能说出像样的话，而并非“在心里会说”，仅仅口舌不听调遣。如果病人的麻烦仅仅是口舌不听调遣，那么他是会书写的；然而，表现性失语症病人也不会书面表达。由此可见，这种失语症确实意味着病人的“语言中心”出了大麻烦。】
Sufferers of this form of aphasia exhibit thecommon problem of agrammatism. For them, speech is difficult toinitiate, non-fluent, labored, and halting. Similarly, writing isdifficult as well. Intonation and stress patterns are deficient.Language is reduced to disjointed words and sentence constructionis poor, omitting function words and inflections (bound morphemes).A person with expressive aphasia might say "Son ... University ...Smart ... Boy ... Good ... Good ... "
这种失语症患者普遍表现出“语法缺失”的问题。他们很难率先说话，不流利，费劲，踌躇。与此相似，书写也困难。语调和强调模式有缺陷。语言降低为不相连属的词，句子构造低下，遗漏虚词和形式变化。表达性失语症患者会这么说：“Son... University ... Smart ... Boy ... Good ... Good ... ”
For example, in the following passage, a Broca'saphasic patient is trying to explain how he came to the hospitalfor dental surgery:
比方说，在下面这一段中，一位布罗卡氏失语症病人正在解释他是怎么来到医院做牙科手术的：
Yes... ah... Monday... er... Dad and Peter H...(his own name), and Dad.... er... hospital... and ah...Wednesday... Wednesday, nine o'clock... and oh... Thursday... teno'clock, ah doctors... two... an' doctors... and er... teeth...yah.[2]
【布罗卡氏失语症患者为什么仍然能够说出单词呢？而且他们明显知道这些单词的意思，因为他们试图用这些单词表达为什么来医院。这说明对单词的理解或许不属于布罗卡氏区的管辖范围；从图示上看，词的意义属于枕叶的责任。】
Severity of expressive aphasia varies amongpatients. In the most extreme cases, patients may be only able toproduce a single word. The most famous case of this was PaulBroca's patient Leborgne, nicknamed "Tan", after the only syllablehe could say. Even in such cases, over-learned and rote-learnedspeech patterns may be retained[3]—for instance, some patients cancount from one to ten, but cannot produce the same numbers inordinary conversation.
表达性失语症的严重程度各个不一。在最严重的病例中，病人或许只能说出单词。最著名的这种病例，是保罗·布罗卡医生的病人勒波涅，绰号“谭”，他只能说出音节。即便在这种病例中，死记硬背的语言模式也可能保住——例如，一些病人能从一数到十，但在一般谈话中却说不出同样的数字。
【病人能够从一数到十，或许像幼儿也能够做到一样，但病人和幼儿或许并不理解自己正在说出一个差为一的数列，而仅仅是整体地记住了这一串声音，好像哼了一句曲调似的；如此一来，从一数到十，也无非是好长的一个单词：一种整体性的理解，而不是分解性的理解。】
While word comprehension is generally preserved,meaning interpretation dependent on syntax and phrase structure issubstantially impaired. This can be demonstrated by using phraseswith unusual structures. A typical Broca's aphasic patient willmisinterpret "the dog is bitten by the man" by switching thesubject and object.[4] Note this element is a problem withreceptive language, not expressive language, and is one reason whythe problem is referred to as agrammatic aphasia.
虽然单词理解力一般是保住了，但依赖于句法的意义解释和短语结构严重受损。病人使用结构不寻常的短语可以表明这一点。一位典型的布罗卡氏失语症患者会误解“这条狗被人咬了”，把主语和宾语颠倒了。注意这个因素是和接受性语言而非表达性的语言相关的一个问题，这就是为什么这个问题被叫做“语法错乱失语症”的原因之一。
Patients who recover go on to say that they knewwhat they wanted to say but could not express themselves. Residualdeficits will often be seen.
恢复后的病人继而说他们在患病时知道他们想说的东西是什么，但不能表达自己。后遗症是常见的。
【病人的看法未必是真的。比方说，一个人从地上捡起了一个东西，然后仔细地看了一下，然后扔掉了；你看到了这一幕，很理解这个情景的意思，但你在脑子里未必用合乎语法的语言来描述这个情景，然而你却信心十足地觉得自己能够用合乎语法的语言来描绘之，如果有人要求你这么做的话。一个布罗卡氏失语症患者也有这份自信，但真要开口说话，他却发现自己根本做不到。这说明：对于一个情景的理解其实首先是靠对于一个情景的直觉；至于用合乎语法的语言来表达这种理解，完全是另外一回事——语言的真正功能。或许一条狗能够理解和另外一条狗相关的一个情景，但它不能用合乎语法地表达它的理解。语法似乎是语言的本质。而具有意义的单词是远为原始的一种东西。】
