现在分词和过去分词的用法区别 过去分词用法

现在分词和过去分词的用法区别

现在分词构成:
现在分词和过去分词的用法区别 过去分词用法
规则变化 原形动词结尾情况,现 在 分词,过去分词
一般情况+ingseeing+edliked
辅音字母+y+ingcarryingy→i,+ed carried
重读闭音节双写辅音字母,+ing sitting双写辅音字母,+edstopped
不发音的e结尾去掉e,+ing having+dhated
以ie结尾把ie 改为y+ing

lie-- lying /tie ---tying

/die ---dying
(不规则动词变化见变化表)

1、一般情况+2、以不发音的“e ”结尾,去掉“e ”再+ing。3、重读闭音节4、

(一)分词的作用

·现在分词可用于:

·①构成进行时。e.g. We are studying English.

·②当副词作状语。e.g. The children came, singing and dancing.

·③当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。

·e.g.Falling leaves danced in the air.

·I sawmany birds flying along the river.

·Thestory is very moving.

·过去分词可用于:

·①构成完成时。 e.g. The play had begun when we arrived there.

·②构成被动语态。e.g. English is widely spoken in the world.

·③当副词作状语。e.g. Seen here, the city looks more beautiful.

·④当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。

·e.g. aboy named Tom

·I sawthe girl killed with my own eyes.

·I’minterested in English.

(二)现在分词与过去分词的两大差别

1. 现在分词与过去分词的最大差别在语态上:现在分词表主动,过去分词表被动。

2. 现在分词与过去分词的第二大差别在时态上:现在分词表进行,过去分词表完成。

3. 把握主、被动关系的两个前提

1)弄清动词的确切含义。不少主、被动关系判断错误都是由于没弄清动词的确切含义造成的。

Wrong:Girls frighten snakes.

Right:Girls fear snakes./ Snakes frighten girls.

牢记:tire, disappoint, satisfy, terrify, interest,frighten, worry, excite, surprise, please, seat,puzzle, ect. 只能作及物动词,都有“使动”的特点,都含“使……”之义。

2)能熟练判断分词的逻辑主语。即明白与哪个词去构成主、被动关系。

分词的逻辑主语

逻辑主语就是与分词具有主、被动关系的名词或代词。它既可能是句子主语,又可能是句中宾语,或者是句中其它成分;它既可能是动作行为的发出者,也有可能是动作行为的承受者。那种认为逻辑主语就是动作行为的发出者的理解是片面的。

分词的逻辑主语的位置不是固定不变的,而是“活”的——随着分词所作语法成分的不同,其逻辑主语位置也不同,所以确定逻辑主语前首先要确定分词的语法成分。

(1)作状语时

Seeingthe teacher come in, all the students stood up.

thestudents是seeing的逻辑主语

Heated,the metalexpands. themetal是 heated的逻辑主语

结论:分词作状语,其逻辑主语是句子主语。

(2)作宾补时

I saw himreading lastnight.him 是reading的逻辑主语

His wifefound his hair dyed black.hair是 dyed的逻辑主语

结论:分词作宾补,其逻辑主语是句子宾语。

(3)作表语时

The filmismoving.the film是 moving的逻辑主语

Thevisitors lookedsurprised.

thevisitors是surprised的逻辑主语

结论:分词作表语,其逻辑主语是句子主语。

(4)作定语时

This isan interestingbook.book是 interesting的逻辑主语

The movedchildren lookedserious.

children是moved的逻辑主语

结论:分词作定语,其逻辑主语是被修饰词(即中心词)。

(5)用于复合结构中时(即在独立主格中与with复合结构中)

With thetask completed, we went out to take some fresh air.

the task是completed的逻辑主语

It beingSunday, they had no classes. it是being的逻辑主语

结论:分词用于复合结构,逻辑主语是复合结构中的逻辑主语

附表2:分词的逻辑主语一览表

分词所作成分

分词的逻辑主语

状语

主语

表语

宾补

宾语

定语

被修饰词

复合结构

复合结构中的逻辑主语

(三)确定分词的使用的具体步骤

(1)根据句子结构确定分词的语法成分

(2)找准逻辑主语

(3)判断主、被动关系

(4)选定现在或过去分词

1. There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst oflight.

A. followed B.following C. to befollowed D. being followed

简析:根据语法分析可知,待选部分是修饰 noise 的定语短语;据常识“雷声随闪电之后到来”,自然A noisefollows the sudden burst of light , noise与follow是主动关系。因此,该题应选B。

2. The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C., didn’t include womenuntil 1912.

A. first playingB. to be first played

C. firstplayedD. to be playing

简析:根据语法分析可知,待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语;TheOlympic Games是动词 play 的承受者,且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此,该题选C。

3. What’s the language ____ in Germany?

A.speakingB.spokenC. bespokenD. to speak

简析:该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句 which is spoken

4. Most of the people ____ to the party were famousscientists.

A. invitedB.toinviteC. beinginvitedD. inviting

简析:该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句 who were invited

5. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreignlanguage came out in the 16th century.

A. having written B. to bewritten C. beingwritten D. written

简析:该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动,等于定语从句which were written

(四)分词作表语

共同点:分词作表语时,它起着形容词的作用。

  不同点:分词作表语时,句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时,与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。 

1. The news sounds ____.

A.encouraging B.encouraged C.encourage D. to encourage

简析:根据语法分析可知, sounds 在此句中用作连系动词, 待选部分应作表语 ;The news 对于动词encourage 来说应是主动关系,即消息鼓舞人心。因此,该题应选A。

2. —How did Bob do in the exams this time?

—Well, his father seems ____ with his results.

A.pleasingB.pleaseC.pleasedD. to please

简析:根据语法分析可知, seems 在此句中用作连系动词, 待选部分作表语。 再根据 his father 对于动词please 来说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高兴。因此, 该题应选C。

3. —How did the audience receive the new play?

—They got very ____.

A .exciteB .excitedC .excitedlyD . exciting

简析:该题应选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。

(五)分词作宾语补足语

共同点:分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语,对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。

  不同点:分词作宾语补足语时,句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。

1. The next morning she found the man ____ in bed, dead.

A.lyingB.lieC.layD. laying

简析:首先,根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语 the man; 再根据宾语 the man对于动词 lie 来说应是主动关系, 且lie 这个动作与谓语动词 found 同时进行。因此, 该题应选A。

2. —Good morning. Can I help you?

—I’d liketo have the package ____, madam.

A. beweighedB. to beweighedC. toweighD. weighed

简析:首先,根据语法分析可知,待选部分在句中应作宾补,补充说明宾语 the package; 再根据 thepackage 对于动词 weigh 来说, 只能是被动关系。因此,该题应选D。

3. He is not good at English, so it is not easy for him to makehimself ______.

A.understand B.understanding C.understood D. understands

简析:该题应选C。himself是make的宾语,待选部分的逻辑主语。由于英语表达能力差,说出的英语别人难于听懂,也就不易被人理解。因此,这里用过去分词来表达这一被动含义。

4. If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel theair ____ against your face.

A.movedB.movingC.movesD. to move

简析:该题应选B。测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作。

(六)分词作状语

共同点:分词作状语时,一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。

  不同点:分词作状语时,句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时,与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系,所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;而过去分词则表示被动关系,所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。

1. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ,____ to the notice.

A.angrily pointingB. and point angrily

C.angrily pointedD. and angrily pointing

简析:该题应选A。测试现在分词作伴随状语,通过副词 angrily 进行干扰。若B 答案为 and pointedangrily 时也对。

2. ____ a reply, he decided to write again.

A. NotreceivingB. Receiving not

C. Nothaving receivedD. Having not received

简析:该题应选C。 测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。

3. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with thetalks, ____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.

A. havingadded B. toaddC.addingD. added

简析:该题应选C。测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。 

另外,分词作状语时,如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时,需要独立主格结构或 with复合结构来替代。(此时,也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)

例:Themurderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.

A. beingtiedB. having tiedC. to betiedD. tied

简析:很显然,待选部分的逻辑主语是 his hands,而不是句子的主语 The murderer , 而 hishands 对于动词 tie 来说只能是被动关系。因此,该题应选D。

综上所述,现在分词与过去分词的根本区别是主、被动关系,正确认定逻辑主语是正确使用分词的关键。明白这一道理并不难,最重要的是要养成“分析句子成分——寻找逻辑主语——判断主被动关系”这一思维定势。

【模拟试题】

I. 单项选择(75%)

1. ____ the house on fire, he dialed 119.  

A. ToseeB. SeeingC. HavingseenD. Being seen

2. I fell down and broke three of my teeth. Iwonder how many times I have to come here and get my false teeth____.

A.fixB.fixingC.fixedD. to fix

3. We’re ___ to listen to her ____ voice. It’s___ to hear her sing.

A. pleased; pleasing;pleasureB. pleased; pleasant; a pleasure

C. pleasing; pleased; apleasureD. pleasing; pleasant; pleasure

4. ___a post office, I stopped____ some stamps.

A. Passed,buyingB. Passing, to buy

C. Having passed,buyD. Pass, to buy

5. ____with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountaindoes not seem high at all.

A. ComparingB. TocompareC.ComparedD. Having compared

6. Here are some new computer programs ____for homebuildings.

A.designingB.designC.designedD. to design

7. ____a little money, Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovelynew lamp.

A. TosaveB.SavingC.SavedD. Having saved

8. The teacher came into the classroom ____by his students.

A.followingB. to be following

C.followedD. having followed

9. With the money ___, he couldn’t buy any ticket.

A. toloseB.losingC.lostD. has lost

10. There was so much noise in the room that the speakercouldn’t make himself ____.

A. beingheardB.hearingC.heardD. hear

(KEYS:1—5BCBBC6—10CDCCC)

  

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