爱华网现在分词和过去分词的用法区别
现在分词构成：
规则变化 原形动词结尾情况，现 在 分词，过去分词
一般情况+ingseeing+edliked
辅音字母+y+ingcarryingy→i,+ed carried
重读闭音节双写辅音字母,+ing sitting双写辅音字母,+edstopped
不发音的e结尾去掉e,+ing having+dhated
以ie结尾把ie 改为y+ing
lie-- lying /tie ---tying
/die ---dying
(不规则动词变化见变化表)
1、一般情况+2、以不发音的“e ”结尾,去掉“e ”再+ing。3、重读闭音节4、
（一）分词的作用
·现在分词可用于：
·①构成进行时。e.g. We are studying English.
·②当副词作状语。e.g. The children came, singing and dancing.
·③当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。
·e.g.Falling leaves danced in the air.
·I sawmany birds flying along the river.
·Thestory is very moving.
·过去分词可用于：
·①构成完成时。 e.g. The play had begun when we arrived there.
·②构成被动语态。e.g. English is widely spoken in the world.
·③当副词作状语。e.g. Seen here, the city looks more beautiful.
·④当形容词作定语、宾补和表语。
·e.g. aboy named Tom
·I sawthe girl killed with my own eyes.
·I’minterested in English.
（二）现在分词与过去分词的两大差别
1. 现在分词与过去分词的最大差别在语态上：现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。
2. 现在分词与过去分词的第二大差别在时态上：现在分词表进行，过去分词表完成。
3. 把握主、被动关系的两个前提
1）弄清动词的确切含义。不少主、被动关系判断错误都是由于没弄清动词的确切含义造成的。
Wrong:Girls frighten snakes.
Right:Girls fear snakes./ Snakes frighten girls.
牢记:tire, disappoint, satisfy, terrify, interest,frighten, worry, excite, surprise, please, seat,puzzle, ect. 只能作及物动词，都有“使动”的特点，都含“使……”之义。
2）能熟练判断分词的逻辑主语。即明白与哪个词去构成主、被动关系。
分词的逻辑主语
逻辑主语就是与分词具有主、被动关系的名词或代词。它既可能是句子主语，又可能是句中宾语，或者是句中其它成分；它既可能是动作行为的发出者，也有可能是动作行为的承受者。那种认为逻辑主语就是动作行为的发出者的理解是片面的。
分词的逻辑主语的位置不是固定不变的,而是“活”的——随着分词所作语法成分的不同，其逻辑主语位置也不同，所以确定逻辑主语前首先要确定分词的语法成分。
（1）作状语时
Seeingthe teacher come in, all the students stood up.
thestudents是seeing的逻辑主语
Heated,the metalexpands. themetal是 heated的逻辑主语
结论：分词作状语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。
（2）作宾补时
I saw himreading lastnight.him 是reading的逻辑主语
His wifefound his hair dyed black.hair是 dyed的逻辑主语
结论：分词作宾补，其逻辑主语是句子宾语。
（3）作表语时
The filmismoving.the film是 moving的逻辑主语
Thevisitors lookedsurprised.
thevisitors是surprised的逻辑主语
结论：分词作表语，其逻辑主语是句子主语。
（4）作定语时
This isan interestingbook.book是 interesting的逻辑主语
The movedchildren lookedserious.
children是moved的逻辑主语
结论：分词作定语，其逻辑主语是被修饰词（即中心词）。
（5）用于复合结构中时（即在独立主格中与with复合结构中）
With thetask completed, we went out to take some fresh air.
the task是completed的逻辑主语
It beingSunday, they had no classes. it是being的逻辑主语
结论：分词用于复合结构，逻辑主语是复合结构中的逻辑主语
附表2：分词的逻辑主语一览表
分词所作成分 | 分词的逻辑主语 |
状语 | 主语 |
表语 | |
宾补 | 宾语 |
定语 | 被修饰词 |
复合结构 | 复合结构中的逻辑主语 |
（三）确定分词的使用的具体步骤
（1）根据句子结构确定分词的语法成分
（2）找准逻辑主语
（3）判断主、被动关系
（4）选定现在或过去分词
1. There was a terrible noise ____ the sudden burst oflight.
A. followed B.following C. to befollowed D. being followed
简析：根据语法分析可知，待选部分是修饰 noise 的定语短语；据常识“雷声随闪电之后到来”，自然A noisefollows the sudden burst of light , noise与follow是主动关系。因此，该题应选B。
2. The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C., didn’t include womenuntil 1912.
A. first playingB. to be first played
C. firstplayedD. to be playing
简析：根据语法分析可知，待选部分是一个作定语、修饰 The Olympic Games 的后置分词短语；TheOlympic Games是动词 play 的承受者，且已完成 (in 776 B. C.)。因此，该题选C。
3. What’s the language ____ in Germany?
A.speakingB.spokenC. bespokenD. to speak
简析：该题应选B。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 which is spoken
4. Most of the people ____ to the party were famousscientists.
A. invitedB.toinviteC. beinginvitedD. inviting
简析：该题应选A。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句 who were invited
5. The first textbooks ____ for teaching English as a foreignlanguage came out in the 16th century.
A. having written B. to bewritten C. beingwritten D. written
简析：该题应选D。测试过去分词作后置定语表达被动，等于定语从句which were written
（四）分词作表语
共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。
不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1. The news sounds ____.
A.encouraging B.encouraged C.encourage D. to encourage
简析：根据语法分析可知， sounds 在此句中用作连系动词, 待选部分应作表语 ；The news 对于动词encourage 来说应是主动关系，即消息鼓舞人心。因此，该题应选A。
2. —How did Bob do in the exams this time?
—Well, his father seems ____ with his results.
A.pleasingB.pleaseC.pleasedD. to please
简析：根据语法分析可知, seems 在此句中用作连系动词, 待选部分作表语。 再根据 his father 对于动词please 来说应是被动关系, 即这个结果使他的父亲高兴。因此, 该题应选C。
3. —How did the audience receive the new play?
—They got very ____.
A .exciteB .excitedC .excitedlyD . exciting
简析：该题应选B。测试他们被那出新戏所打动。
（五）分词作宾语补足语
共同点：分词在复合宾语中可作宾语补足语，对句子的宾语起补充或说明作用。
不同点：分词作宾语补足语时，句子的宾语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1. The next morning she found the man ____ in bed, dead.
A.lyingB.lieC.layD. laying
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知, 待选部分在句中应作宾补, 补充说明宾语 the man; 再根据宾语 the man对于动词 lie 来说应是主动关系, 且lie 这个动作与谓语动词 found 同时进行。因此, 该题应选A。
2. —Good morning. Can I help you?
—I’d liketo have the package ____, madam.
A. beweighedB. to beweighedC. toweighD. weighed
简析：首先，根据语法分析可知，待选部分在句中应作宾补，补充说明宾语 the package; 再根据 thepackage 对于动词 weigh 来说, 只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选D。
3. He is not good at English, so it is not easy for him to makehimself ______.
A.understand B.understanding C.understood D. understands
简析：该题应选C。himself是make的宾语，待选部分的逻辑主语。由于英语表达能力差，说出的英语别人难于听懂，也就不易被人理解。因此，这里用过去分词来表达这一被动含义。
4. If you wave your book in front of your face, you can feel theair ____ against your face.
A.movedB.movingC.movesD. to move
简析：该题应选B。测试使役动词后用现在分词作宾补表示宾语正发出的动作。
（六）分词作状语
共同点：分词作状语时，一般在句子中作时间、原因、方式或伴随等状语。
不同点：分词作状语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作状语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所示动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。
1. “Can’t you read?” Mary said ，____ to the notice.
A.angrily pointingB. and point angrily
C.angrily pointedD. and angrily pointing
简析：该题应选A。测试现在分词作伴随状语，通过副词 angrily 进行干扰。若B 答案为 and pointedangrily 时也对。
2. ____ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. NotreceivingB. Receiving not
C. Nothaving receivedD. Having not received
简析：该题应选C。 测试非谓语动词的否定式是在其前直接加 not 。若动作发生在主句动作之前时用非谓语的完成式。
3. The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with thetalks, ____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. havingadded B. toaddC.addingD. added
简析：该题应选C。测试现在分词可以作补充说明的状语。
另外，分词作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与整个句子的主语不一致时，需要独立主格结构或 with复合结构来替代。(此时，也可把该分词看成介词的宾语补足语。)
例：Themurderer was brought in, with his hands ____ behind his back.
A. beingtiedB. having tiedC. to betiedD. tied
简析：很显然，待选部分的逻辑主语是 his hands，而不是句子的主语 The murderer , 而 hishands 对于动词 tie 来说只能是被动关系。因此，该题应选D。
综上所述，现在分词与过去分词的根本区别是主、被动关系，正确认定逻辑主语是正确使用分词的关键。明白这一道理并不难，最重要的是要养成“分析句子成分——寻找逻辑主语——判断主被动关系”这一思维定势。
【模拟试题】
I. 单项选择（75%）
1. ____ the house on fire, he dialed 119.
A. ToseeB. SeeingC. HavingseenD. Being seen
2. I fell down and broke three of my teeth. Iwonder how many times I have to come here and get my false teeth____.
A.fixB.fixingC.fixedD. to fix
3. We’re ___ to listen to her ____ voice. It’s___ to hear her sing.
A. pleased; pleasing;pleasureB. pleased; pleasant; a pleasure
C. pleasing; pleased; apleasureD. pleasing; pleasant; pleasure
4. ___a post office, I stopped____ some stamps.
A. Passed,buyingB. Passing, to buy
C. Having passed,buyD. Pass, to buy
5. ____with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountaindoes not seem high at all.
A. ComparingB. TocompareC.ComparedD. Having compared
6. Here are some new computer programs ____for homebuildings.
A.designingB.designC.designedD. to design
7. ____a little money, Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovelynew lamp.
A. TosaveB.SavingC.SavedD. Having saved
8. The teacher came into the classroom ____by his students.
A.followingB. to be following
C.followedD. having followed
9. With the money ___, he couldn’t buy any ticket.
A. toloseB.losingC.lostD. has lost
10. There was so much noise in the room that the speakercouldn’t make himself ____.
A. beingheardB.hearingC.heardD. hear
（KEYS：1—5BCBBC6—10CDCCC）
