爱华网1. 有关定语从句的概念
(1)定语从句：就是在复合句里充当定语的从句，它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。
2)先行词：就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。
(3)关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词不仅起连接作用，而且还代表先行词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分，关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等，关系副词作状语。如：
This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. 这就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本书。
说明：句中修饰the book的that my father bought me yesterday就是定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的the book这是先行词；代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。
The time when he arrives is not known. 他到达的时间还不知道。
说明：句中when he arrives是定语从句，被定语从句修饰的the time是先行词，关系副词when作时间状语。
2. 关系代词的一般用法
先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。
This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)
The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要见的老师来了。(作see的宾语，可以省略)
I met a boy whose father was a astronaut. 我认识一位男孩，他的父亲是宇航员。(作定语)
Here is the coat which/that will be made to you. 这是一件做给你的衣服。（作主语）
This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。(作visited的宾语，可以省略)
He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is very beautiful. 他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。
3. 关 关系副词有when, where, why，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。when的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词；where的先行词通常是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地点或情形名词；why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词＋which”代替，why可用for which代替。如：
There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。
(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. 他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。(作状语)
比较：The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。(作主语)
(2) I’ll never forget the days when we lived together. 我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。(作状语)
比较：I’ll never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. 我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。(作及物动词spent的宾语)
(3) The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。(作状语，用关系副词)
比较：The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。(作gave的宾语，用关系代词)
4. 习惯上要用that引导的定语从句
(1)当先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one时，或先行词被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时。
All that can be done has been done. 能做的都已经做了。
He will tell you everything that he heard about it.他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。
There is little work that is fit for you. 没什么工作适合你做。
I have eaten all the food that is left. 我把剩下的所有食物都吃了。
(2)先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词(包括last, next)、最高级形容词及the only, the very等修饰时。
This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.这是我到这里后所看的第一场电影。
This is the best that has been used against pollution. 这是用来防止污染的最好办法。
This is the very book that I am looking for. 这正是我一直在寻找的那本书。
(3)先行词包括人和物时。
They often talk about the people and the things that they are interested in. 他们常常谈论那些他们感兴趣的人和事
(4)当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为了避免重复，多用that引导。如：
Which is the house that caught fire last night? 昨晚失火的是那座房子？
Who is the lady that is playing the piano? 在弹钢琴的那位小姐是谁？
5. 习惯上不用that引导的定语从句
(1)在非限制性定语从句中，不以能用that引导。
Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very excided. 昨天我碰到了玛丽，她显得非常兴奋。
(2)直接在介词后作宾语时，不能用that引导，要用whom, whose或which，且不能省略。
The house in which we live is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。
I know the young man with whom you live. 我认识和你住在一起的那个年青人。
但当介词放在从句的末尾时，可以用that替代which, who替代whom，也可以省略关系代词。如：
The house (which/that) we live in is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。
I know the man (whom/who/that) you live with. 我认识和你住在一起的那个人。
(3)当先行词是指人的all, any, few, one(s), anyone, everyone, those, people, he等时，只能用who。
None so blind as those who won't see. 睁眼不看事实的人眼最瞎。
Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in. 任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去。
I met someone who said he knew you. 我碰到一个人，他说认识你。
He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. (谚)欲加之罪,何患无辞。
(4)当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时。
I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是我们办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 有位新校长明天来，他将教你们德语。
介词+关系代词
1,单个介词+关系代词(whom, which)
介词确定依据
a依从句中的动词,形容词,名词与介词的固定搭配而定
b依先行词与从句中动词的关系及所表达的含义而定
The two thing of which they felt very proud were Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair.
A harvester is a man who is harvesting or a machine with which we harvest crops.
2,复杂介词+关系代词(which, whom, whose) 常用复杂介词:as a result, at the back of ,because of, in front of, in the middle of, at the bottom of, on the top of, at the foot of 注意:但含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开,如 look after, be made of, take part in, look forward to等。 例：The babies (who/whom) the nurses look after look strong and happy.
There is a great pain in my right foot, because of which I can only limp along.
They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat an old man.
3,单个介词+关系代词(which, whose)+名词 介词要依介词与关系代词后的名词的搭配习惯而定
He lived in London for three months, during which
time he learned some English.
Our English teacher, with whose help we have made great progress in English, has completed thirty years of teaching.
4,the+名词+of+关系代词(which, whom)结构中的名词和后面的关系代词有所属关系
This is the book the cover of which is designed by Mr Jones.
=This is the book, whose cover is designed by Mr Jones.
=This is the book, of which the cover is designed by Mr Jones.
5,部分词汇/结构+of+关系代词
部分词汇/结构:
1,all, both, none ,neither ,either, many, most, few, several, enough, half, some, any , one, two, three, the majority, a number, the youngest,
2,数词(基数词,序数词,百分数,分数)+名词
3, the+形容词最高级/比较级
Here are two pairs of socks, either of which you may choose.
The football team has 15 members ,the oldest of whom is 25 years old.
在中学英语课本中出现了许多介词+关系代词构成的从句或动词不定式充当后置定语的结构。在此结构中，介词有很多，但关系代词最常见的是：which，whom，whose等。Which 指物， whom 指人， whose 既指人又指物。那介词又是根据什么来确定的呢？
介词主要是根据先行词（名词或代词）或从句中的谓语动词或固定搭配来确定的。下面简要列举中学课本中常见的介词+关系代词结构，以供同学们在复习时参考。
1． 介词+which 表时间、地点或原因，代替关系副词 when、where、why：
1）I still remember the day on which （=when）I went to Beijing.
2）The factory in which （=where ）I work is a large one.
3) This is the reason for which (=why ) he was late for school.
2. 介词词组+关系代词(which 指物 , whom 指人),表示存在关系。关系分句中须主谓倒置。
1） They arrived at a farmhouse ，in front of which sat an old man.
2） I saw a woman， on the head of whom stood a bird.
3．不定代词或数词+介词 of which (指物), whom (指人),说明整体中的部分关系.
1) China has many islands, one of which is Taiwan.
2) There are a great many students here ,none of whom like the film.
3) He has five children ,all of whom are Party members.
4) Those foreign teachers , most of whom have never been to China before, are enjoying their work here very much.
5) There are many kinds of birds in Australia ,and over 140 species of snakes, many of which are extremely dangerous.
4. 介词+which (指物),whom (指人), 作分句中的目的、方式、地点状语等。这种结构中的介词一般为动词所支配。
1）Could you tell me the man for whom you have bought this coat?
2) He built a transparent wall through which he could observe what went on inside.
3) The man , from whom I learned the news ,is an engineer.
5. 介词 by +which (指物),whom (指人), 在被动结构中表明动作的发出者.
1）The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.
2) The man by whom the wolf was shot is a good hunter.
6. of which 代替whose ，指物 ，用作分句中的 后置定语。
1）I saw some trees ， the leaves of which （=whose leaves ）were black with disease。
2） He mentioned a book ， the title of which （=whose title ） I have forgotten。
7． 介词+which （指物），whose （指人），作前置定语，修饰后面的中心词。
1） It rained all night and all day ，during which time the ship broke into pieces。
2）The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the map。
8．介词+which +动词不定式。
1） She had only 1.87 dollars with which to buy Jim a present。（=to buy Jim a present）
2） At last there was something about which to write home。 （=to write home about）
强化练习：
1．A good ad often uses words_____people attach positive meanings。
A．in which B to which C。 for which on which
2．Dr Curtis Welch discovered that some children had a terrible disease_____he had no medicine。
A．by which B。 on which C。 for which D。to which
3．There were two possessions of the James Dillingham Youngs ______they both took great pride。
A． in which B。 for which C。 of which D。 on which
4. Do you know the reason ______he didn’t come here?
A. of it B. for it C. which D. for which
5. The book, the cover,______is broken, is not mine.
A. of it B. for it C. in where D. of which
6. Have you found the cave _______the bear is hibernating?
A. for that B. in which C. in where D. of which
7. I used to live in a house,_______grew a tall tree.
A. in front of it B. in front of which C. in the front of which D.in the front of it
8．The boss paid us 10 dollars for washing ten cars，_____ hadn’t been cleaned for at least half a year.
A. most of these B. most of them C. most of that D. most of which
9.Do you know the man _______I shook hands?
A. with which B. for whom C. to whom D. with whom
10.This is the worker, _____the book was written.
A. who B. whom C. of whom D. by whom
11.I like the way______he talks and laughs.
A. which B. when C. in which D. for which
12. These are the tools______to work.
A.with them B. by these C. by which D. with which
13．In the new city there wasn't a single person_____the poor boy could turn for help.
A.that B. who C. from whom D. to whom
14．She was educated at Beijing University ，_____she went on to have her advanced study abroad.
A.after that B.from which C. from that D. after which
15.His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone______family was poor.
A. of whom the B. whom C. of whose D.the
16. Frank’s dream was to have his own shop______to produce the works of his own hands.
A. that B. in which C. by which D. how
17. I have many friends ,_____some are businessmen.
A. of them B. from which C. who of D. of whom
18. My aunt,_______life was hard, earned little money.
A. for whose B. for which C. for who D. for whom
解析：1。B。attach----to-----为固定搭配。2。C。for 表目的，即had no medicine for a terrible disease。3。A。take pride in 为固定词组。4。D。for 表原因，for which =why 5。D。the cover of which =whose cover of 表示所属关系，即书的封面。 6。 B。in 表地点，即the bear is hibernating in the cave。 7。B。此结构表示存在关系。在房子的前面（非包含关系）用 in front of ，而 in the front of 则表包含关系。如：房子前面有一块黑板（黑板在房子里面），译文为：There is a blackboard in the front of a house。 8。D。most of which 是复杂介词+关系代词引导的非限制性定语从句。若most 前加 and 或把逗号改为分号，则需选B。9。D。shake hands with sb。为固定搭配。 10。D。此句为被动结构，即the book was written by the worker。11。C。先行词way表示方式、方法，后面的引导词可用in which 或 that 或 省略。12。D。 with 表示用具体的工具，in 表示抽象概念。如：He can write in pen。Or He can write with a pen。13。D.turn to sb. for help 为固定句式,意思是“求助于”。14.D. 句意为:：他在北京大学受的教育,之后继续出国深造。主句谓语动词是 educate 而非 graduate ,因此不能用 from which 。15。A。 of whom the family =the family of whom =whose family 16。B。在含有将来意义的定语从句中，可以省略主语和谓语的一部分（主要是情态动词和助动词），而代之以“介词+关系代词+动词不定式”的形式，叫做定语从句的 省略形式。17。 D。 some 与friends 之间构成整体与部分的关系，相当于简单句some of them are businessmen。但由于是主从复合句则需要使用具有连接作用的关系代词whom。of whom 表示在许多朋友当中。18。 D。句意为：我姨妈挣钱很少，对她而言日子很难过。如果选 for whose 那么whose life 将成为 for 的宾语，句子就没有主语了。因此应选whom 作for 的宾语。for 在此意思为“对---而言”。
“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句大练兵
一. 单项选择题.
1. I will never forget the days-----I spent together with my grandparents in my hometown.
A. that B.in which C.when D.on which
2. She has read the poem----the teacher is speaking.
A. which B.about which C.to which D.of which
3. Her parents wouldn’t let her marry anyone----family was poor.
A. of whom B.whom C.of whose D.whose
4. This is the reason----he will leave this company.
A. for that B.which C.for which D.that
5. Do you know the gentleman----Mr. Green is talking?
A. whom B.with whom C.who D.that
6. The book, the cover----is broken, is not mine.
A. of it B.for which C.which D.of which
7. There is a hole here----the mouse can enter my room.
A. by which B.in which C.across which D.through which
8. Her sister works at the market----sells vegetables and fruits.
A. where B.in which C.at which D.which
9. There were three students in the classroom, one of----father worked in the school was our monitor.
A. whose B.whom C.whom whose D.whose whom
10. The boy, ----could not reach the shelf, went to look for something to stand on.
A. the tall of whom B.the tallest of whom
C.the tallest one D.the taller of them
11. The hotel----during my holidays stands by the seaside.
A.I stayed at B.which I stayed at it
C.where I stayed at D.at that I stayed
12. There are 65 clerks in the company, ----30 are girls.
A. more than B.less than C.among them D.of whom
13. Thank you very much for----you have done for my sister.
A. that B.which C.if D. what
14. His glasses, ----he was like a blind man, were missing.
A. without them B.that C.with which D.without which
15.The factory produces half a million cars every year and 80％----are sold abroad.
A. of which B.which C.of them D.those
16. Because of the traffic jam----I was caught, I was late for school yesterday.
A. by which B.in which C.that D.in it
17. A modern city has been set up in----was a wasteland ten years ago.
A. what B.which C.that D.where
18. American women usually identify their best friends as someone----they can talk frequently.
A. with who B.whom C.about which D.with whom
19. The journey around the world took the old sailor ten months,----the sailing time was 254 days.
A. of which B.during which C.from which D.for which
20. Many young people are eager to get jobs with that company----products sell well both at home and abroad.
A. with B.whose C.where D.in which
21.Privatization(私营化)is thought to be beneficial----it promotes competition.
A. in which B.in that C.which D.that
22. It rained all night, ----time Mary found water coming in through the roof of his house.
A. which B.during which C.that D.during that
23. Where is the boy----you have bought the English-Chinese dictionary?
A. who B.whom C.for whom D.all the above
24. The picture----a house and flowers is the one I like best.
A. in which there has B.has C.where there is D.there are
25. He reminded me of the day----we had appointed
A. which B.on which C.by which D.when
[参考答案]
ADDCB, DDDCB, ADDDC, BDDBB, BBDCA.
二.用适当的介词+关系代词填空.
1. You need permission, ---- ----you can’t take the magazines out of the reading room.
2. This is the right way---- ----you can work out the maths problem.
3. The last place---- ----we stayed was the English Club.
4. The only thing---- ----I am not sure is grammar.
5. He gave me a lot of books, ---- ----the one about Lu Xun is the most instructive.
6. The teachers were talking about Jim, one---- ----problems was poor study habit.
7. China is our homeland, ---- ----we all take great pride.
8. The pen---- ----he was writing broke.
9. The young fellow, ---- ----my bike was repaired, is a friend of mine.
10. The news---- ----we were surprised came yesterday.
11. That is the old evening dress---- ----she often goes to the ball.
12. This is the newspaper---- ----I have learned the news.
13. At last they found the boat---- ----they came to the island.
14. Then came the exam---- ----we had well prepared.
15. That is the problem---- ----I have spent lots of time.
[参考答案]
1. Without which 2.in which 3.at which 4.about which 5.among which
6. Of whose 7.in which 8.with which 9.by whom 10.at which
11. In which 12.from which 13.in which 14.for which 15.on which
