爱华网===========《如何阅读读一本书》附录一 建议阅读书目=========
一、推荐的137本必须阅读的外国经典著作
1. Homer (9th centuryB.C.?)
· Iliad
· Odyssey
荷马-----------伊利亚特、奥德赛
《伊利亚特》(古希腊描写特洛伊战争的英雄史诗,相传为荷马所作)
《奥德赛》（希腊的六步格史诗，传说为荷马所作，描述了奥德修斯在特洛伊遭洗劫之后十年的游历；他最终回到故乡伊萨卡岛，并杀死了乘他不在时折磨他妻子珀涅罗珀的求婚者）
2. The Old Testament
未知-----------旧约
3. Aeschylus (c.525-456 B.C. )
· Tragedies
埃斯库罗斯（希腊的悲剧作家埃斯库罗斯）-----------悲剧
4. Sophocles (c.495-406 B.C. )
.Tragedies
索福克勒斯-----------悲剧
索福克勒斯（约公元前496–前406，希腊戏剧家，他存世的七部作品都以情节曲折、人物性格刻画深刻，以及书中审视凡人和神命的关系问题著称；代表戏剧：《安提戈涅和俄狄浦斯王》，亦称《暴君俄狄浦斯王》）
5. Herodotus (c.484-425 B.C. )
· History (of thePersian Wars)
希罗多德-----------历史
希罗多德（公元前5世纪，希腊历史学家，第一位系统搜集资料的历史学家，资料的准确性得到一定程度的检测，结构合理，叙述生动）
6. Euripides (c.485-406 B.C. )
.Tragedies (esp.Medea, Hippolytus, The Bacchae)
欧里庇得斯-----------悲剧 特别：美狄亚、希波吕托斯、酒神的伴侣
欧里庇得斯（公元前480-约公元前 406，希腊剧作家，其现存的19部戏剧表明他在处理传统神话中的重要创新，如引入现实主义、对女性心理的兴趣以及对变态心理的描写；代表作有：《美狄亚》、《希波吕托斯》、《厄勒克特拉》、《特洛伊妇女》和《酒神的伴侣》）
7. Thucydides (c.460-400 B.C. )
· History of thePeloponnesian War
修昔底德-----------伯罗奔尼撒战争史
修昔底德（约前455—约前400，希腊历史学家，其传世之作《伯罗奔尼撒战争》分析了战争的起源和过程，在战争中他为雅典而战）
8. Hippocrates (c.460-377? B.C. )
.Medical writings
希波克拉底-----------医学著作
希波克拉底（约公元前460—前377，希腊医生，传统上被视为医学之父；由于他与一批古希腊医学著作（也许无一本是他的手笔）的联系，医疗职业所用的希波克拉底誓言署以他的名字）
9. Aristophanes (c.448-380 B.C. )
· Comedies (esp.The Clouds, The Birds, The Frogs)
阿里斯托芬-----------喜剧 特别：云、鸟、青蛙
(c. 450– c. 385 bc),Greek comic dramatist. His surviving plays are characterized by exuberantlanguage and the satirization of leading contemporary figures. Notable works:Lysistrata, the Birds, the Frogs
阿里斯托芬（约公元前450—约前385，希腊喜剧作家，现存作品以词藻华丽并讽刺同期名人为特征；代表作品：《利西翠妲》、《鸟》、《蛙》）
10. Plato (c. 427-347B.C.)
· Dialogues (esp.The Republic, Symposium, Phaedo, Meno, Apology, Phaedrus, Protagoras, Gorgias,Sophist, Theaetetus )
柏拉图-----------对话录特别:理想国、会饮、斐多、枚农、申辩篇、斐德罗、普罗太戈拉、高尔吉亚、智者、泰阿泰德
(c.429–c.347 BC),Greek philosopher. A disciple of Socrates and the teacher of Aristotle, hefounded the Academy in Athens. His theory of “ideas” or “forms” contrasts abstractentities or universals with their objects or particulars in the material world.His philosophical writings are presented in the form of dialogues, and hispolitical theories appear in the Republic.
哲学家柏拉图(plato)在雅典创办著名的柏拉图学园，培养了一大批数学家，成为早期毕氏学派和后来长期活跃的亚历山大学派之间联系的纽带。欧多克斯(Eudoxus)是该学园最著名的人物之一，他创立了同时适用于可通约量及不可通约量的比例理论。柏拉图的学生亚里士多德(Aristotle)是形式主义的奠基者
11. Aristotle (384-322B.C. )
.Works (esp.Organon, Physics, Metaphysics,
On the Soul, TheNichomachean Ethics, Politics,
Rhetoric, Poetics)
亚里士多德-----------全部作品 特别：工具论、物理学、形而上学、论灵魂、尼各马科伦理学、政治学、修辞术、诗学
A pupil of Plato andtutor to Alexander the Great, he founded a school (the Lyceum) outside Athens.He is one of the most influential thinkers in the history of Western thoughtand his work was central to Arabic and medieval philosophy. His surviving workscover a vast range of subjects, including logic, ethics, metaphysics, politics,natural science, and physics
12. Epicurus (c.341-270 B.C. )
·Letter toHerodotus
·Letter toMenoeceus
伊壁鸠鲁-----------致希罗多德信、致梅瑙凯信
(341–270 bc), Greekphilosopher, founder of Epicureanism. His physics is based on Democritus'theory of a materialist universe composed of indestructible atoms moving in avoid, unregulated by divine providence
伊壁鸠鲁（公元前341–前270，希腊哲学家，伊壁鸠鲁学说的创始人，其自然哲学基础是德谟克利特唯物主义宇宙理论：宇宙是由在空间运转着的、不可毁灭的原子组成，而不受神意支配）
13. Euclid (fl.c. 300B.C. )
· Elements (ofGeometry)
欧几里得-----------几何原本
(c.300 bc), Greekmathematician. His great work Elements of Geometry, which covered planegeometry, the theory of numbers, irrationals, and solid geometry, was thestandard work until other kinds of geometry were discovered in the 19th century
欧几里得（约公元前300年，希腊数学家，他的伟大著作《几何原本》涵盖了平面几何、数论、无理数和立体几何，在19世纪发现其他几何之前，这本著作一直是公认的经典之作）
14. Archimedes (c.287-212 B.C. )
.Works ( esp. On theEquilibrium of Planes,
On FloatingBodies, The Sand-Reckoner)
阿基米德-----------所有著作 特别：论平板的平衡、论浮体、沙粒计算
(c. 287–212 bc),Greek mathematician and inventor, of Syracuse. He is famous for his discoveryof Archimedes’ principle (legend hasit that he made this discovery while taking a bath, and ran through the streetsshouting 'Eureka!’); among his mathematical discoveries are the ratio of the radius ofa circle to its circumference, and formulas for the surface area and volume ofa sphere and of a cylinder
阿基米德（约公元前287—前212，古希腊锡拉丘斯数学家、发明家，以发现阿基米德原理而著称[相传他洗澡时发现这一原理之后在大街上边跑边喊'Eureka!’]，在数学方面的发现有圆周率以及球体、圆柱体的表面积及体积的计算公式）
15. Apollonius ofPerga (fl.c. 240 B.C.)
.On Conic Sections
阿波罗尼奥斯-----------圆锥曲线论
阿波罗尼奥斯(apollonius of perga) 约公元前262年生于佩尔格；约公元前190年卒．数学．
16. Cicero (106-43B.C. )
Works ( esp.Orations, On Friendship, On Old Age)
西塞罗-----------演说集、友谊篇、论老年
Marcus Tullius (106–43bc), Roman statesman, orator, and writer. As an orator and writer Ciceroestablished a model for Latin prose; his surviving works include speeches,treatises on rhetoric, philosophical works, and letters. A supporter of Pompeyagainst Julius Caesar, in the Philippics (43 bc) he attacked Mark Antony, whohad him put to death
西塞罗，马库斯-图利乌斯（公元前106—前43，罗马政治家，雄辩家，作家；作为雄辩家和作家，西塞罗为拉丁语散文确立了典范，存世作品包括演说、辩术论文，哲学著作和信件；他支持庞培反对尤利乌斯-恺撒，在《反腓力辞》［公元前43年］中抨击马克-安东尼，为后者处死）
17. Lucretius (c.95-55 B.C.)
.On the Nature ofThings
卢克莱修-----------物性论
(c.94–c.55 bc), Romanpoet and philosopher; full name Titus Lucretius Carus. His didactic hexametricpoem On the Nature of Things is an exposition of the materialist atomistphysics of Epicurus, which aims to give peace of mind by showing that fear ofthe gods and of death is without foundation
卢克莱修（约公元前94—约前55，罗马哲学家，诗人，全名提图斯-卢克莱修-卡勒斯；他的说教性的六韵步诗《物性论》阐释了古希腊伊壁鸠鲁的唯物原子物理学，目的是要说明对神和死亡的恐惧是没有根据的，进而使人们的心境平和）
18. Virgil (70-19 B.C.)
· Works
维吉尔-----------著作 英文版特别：牧歌、农事诗、田园诗、埃涅阿斯纪
(70–19 bc), Romanpoet; Latin name Publius Vergilius Maro. He wrote three major works: theEclogues, ten pastoral poems, blending traditional themes of Greek bucolicpoetry with contemporary political and literary themes; the Georgics, adidactic poem on farming; and the Aeneid (see Aeneid).. (see Aeneid)
维吉尔（公元前70—前19年，罗马诗人，拉丁语名普布留斯-维吉留斯-马罗，主要作品有三部：《牧歌》包含10首田园诗，把希腊牧歌传统的主题和当代政治和文学主题结合起来；《农事诗》是农事教诲诗；《埃涅阿斯记》。
19. Horace (65-8 B.C.)
·Works ( esp. Odesand Epodes, The Art of Poetry )
贺拉斯 -----------长短句、颂歌集、诗艺
(65–8 bc), Roman poetof the Augustan period; full name Quintus Horatius Flaccus. A notable satiristand literary critic, he is best known for his Odes, much imitated by laterages, especially by the poets of 17th-century England. His other works includeSatires and Ars Poetica
贺拉斯（公元前65–前8年，奥古斯都时代的罗马诗人；全名昆图斯-贺拉斯-弗拉库斯，著名的讽刺作家和文学评论家，最出名的是《诗歌集》，被后世诗人，尤其是17世纪的英格兰诗人广为模仿；其他作品包括《讽刺诗集》和《诗艺》）
20. Livy (59 B.C.-A.D.17)
History of Rome
李维-----------罗马史
(59 bc–ad 17), Romanhistorian; Latin name Titus Livius. His history of Rome from its foundation tohis own time contained 142 books, of which thirty-five survive (including theearliest history of the war with Hannibal)
李维（公元前59–公元17，罗马历史学家，拉丁名Titus Livius，他所著的《罗马史》有142本，包括从罗马建立到他所处时期历史，现存35本［包括最早的汉尼拔战争史］）
21. Ovid (43 B.C.-A.D.17)
Works (esp.Aletan1or,phoses)
奥维德-----------著作 特别：变形记
(43 bc–c.17 ad),Roman poet; full name Publius Ovidius Naso. He is particularly known for hiselegiac love poems (such as the Amores and the Ars Amatoria) and for theMetamorphoses, a hexametric epic which retells Greek and Roman myths
奥维德（前43—约后17，罗马诗人，全名普伯里亚斯-奥维德亚斯-纳索；尤以他的哀歌体爱情诗如《爱情》和《爱的艺术》，以及重述希腊罗马神话的六韵体史诗《变形记》而闻名）
22. Plutarch (c.45-120)
· Lives of theNoble Grecians and Romans
Aloralia
普鲁塔克-----------希腊罗马名人比较列传
(c.46–c.120), Greekbiographer and philosopher; Latin name Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus. He ischiefly known for Parallel Lives, a collection of biographies of prominentGreeks and Romans
普卢塔克（约公元46—约120，希腊传记作家、哲学家，拉丁名卢修斯-梅斯特里斯-普卢塔克，主要因其《希腊罗马名人比较列传》一书而闻名）
23. Tacitus (c.55-117)
· Histories
· Annals
Agricola
Gemumia
塔西佗-----------历史、编年史、阿古利可拉传、日耳曼尼亚志
(c.56–c.120 ad),Roman historian; full name Publius, or Gaius, Cornelius Tacitus. His Annals(covering the years 14–68) and Histories (69–96) are major works on the historyof the Roman Empire
塔西陀（约公元56–120，罗马历史学家，全名帕布利乌斯或加伊乌斯-科尼利厄斯-塔西陀；他著的《编年史》和《历史》是关于罗马帝国史的主要著作，分别记述了公元14–68年和69–96年间的史实）
24. Nicomachus ofGerasa (fl.c. 100 A.D.)
· Introduction toArithn1etic
尼可马修斯-----------算术入门
25. Epictetus (c.60-120)
· Discourses
Encheiridion(Handbook)
爱比克泰德-----------金言录、手册
(c.55–c.135 ad),Greek philosopher, who preached the common brotherhood of man and advocated aStoic philosophy
爱比克泰德（约公元55–约135，希腊哲学家，宣扬人类友爱和斯多葛哲学）
26. Ptolemy (c.100-178; fl. 127-151)
· Almagest
托密勒-----------天文学大成
(2nd century) Greekastronomer and geographer. His teachings had enormous influence on medievalthought, the geocentric view of the cosmos being adopted as Christian doctrineuntil the late Renaissance. Ptolemy's Geography, giving lists of places withtheir longitudes and latitudes, was also a standard work for centuries, despiteits inaccuracies
托勒密（公元2世纪，希腊天文学家、地理学家，其学说对中世纪思想有着巨大的影响，地球中心说为基督教用作教义，直至文艺复兴晚期；托勒密的《地理学》尽管不尽准确，但这部用经度、纬度标注位置的书亦曾在多个世纪被当作范本）
27. Lucian (c. l2O-c.190)
Works (esp. TheWay to Write History,
The True History,The Sale of Creeds)
琉善(路吉阿诺斯)-----------著作特别：论撰史、真实的历史、待售的哲学
28. Marcus Aurelius(121-180)
· Aleditations
马库思·奥勒留-----------沉思录
29. Galen (c. 130-200)
.On the NaturalFaculties
盖伦-----------论自然力
盖伦(Claudius, 约 130-约 200, 希腊医师、医药书著述家)
30. The New Testament
未知-----------新约
31. Plotinus (205-270)
.The Enneads
柏罗丁-----------六部九章集
(c.205–70),philosopher, probably of Roman descent. He was the founder and leading exponentof Neoplatonism; his writings were published after his death by his pupilPorphyry
柏罗丁（约公元205—270，哲学家，可能是罗马人后裔，是新柏拉图主义的创立者和主要代表，其作品由其弟子珀菲里在他去世后发表）
32. St. Augustine(354-430)
Works (esp. On theTeacher, .Confessions,
.The City of God,.Christian Doctrine)
圣·奥古斯丁-----------著作 特别：论教师、忏悔录、天主之城、论基督教教义
奥古斯丁(①姓氏 ②Saint, 354-430, 罗马帝国基督教思想家; 北非希波主教)
33. The Song of Roland(12th century?)
未知-----------罗兰之歌
34. The Nibelungenlied(13th century)
(The Volsunga Sagais the Scandinavian version
of the samelegend.)
未知-----------尼伯龙根之歌
35. The Saga of BurntNjal
未知-----------尼雅尔萨迦(尼雅尔传)
36. St. Thomas Aquinas(c. 1225-1274)
.Summa Theologica
阿奎那-----------神学大全
阿奎奈(意大利中世纪神学家和经院学家,1226-1274)
37. Dante Alighieri(1265-1321)
Works (esp. TheNew Life, On Monarchy,
· The DivineComedy)
但丁-----------著作 特别：新生活、君主国、神曲
(1265–1321), Italianpoet; full name Dante Alighieri. His reputation rests chiefly on The DivineComedy (c.1309–20), an epic poem describing his spiritual journey through Helland Purgatory and finally to Paradise. His love for Beatrice Portinari isdescribed in Vita nuova (c.1290–4)
但丁（1265–1321，意大利诗人，全名但丁-阿利吉亚利，主要以《神曲》［约1309–1320］ 而闻名，这部史诗描绘了他历经地狱和炼狱最终到达天堂的精神之旅；《新生》［约1290–1294］表现了他对比阿特丽斯-波尔提那利的爱）
38. Geoffrey Chaucer(c. 1340-1400)
Works (esp.Troilus and Criseyde,
Canterbury Tales)
乔叟-----------著作 特别：特罗勒斯与克丽西德、坎特伯雷故事集
Geoffrey(c.1342–1400), English poet. His most famous work, the Canterbury Tales(c.1387–1400), is a cycle of linked tales told by a group of pilgrims. Hisskills of characterization, humour, and versatility established him as thefirst great English poet. Other notable works: Troilus and Criseyde (1385)
乔叟，杰弗里（约1342—1400，英国诗人，其最出名的著作《坎特伯雷故事集》［约1387—１４００］通过一群朝圣者之口讲述一组互有关联的故事；其刻画人物、运用幽默、采用多样文风等技巧使其成为英国第一位伟大诗人；其他代表作品：《特罗伊拉斯和克莱西德》［1385］）
39. Leonardo da Vinci(1452-1519)
Notebooks
达芬奇-----------笔记
芬奇(①姓氏 ②Leonardo da, 1452-1519, 达·芬奇, 意大利的画家、雕刻家 、建筑家 、科学家)
40. NiccoloMachiavelli (1469-1527)
· The Prince
Discourses on theFirst Ten Books of Livy
马基雅弗利-----------君主论、李维罗马史论
Niccolò di Bernardo dei (1469–1527), Italian statesman and politicalphilosopher. His best-known work is The Prince (1532), which advises rulersthat the acquisition and effective use of power may necessitate unethicalmethods
马基雅弗利，尼克科洛-狄-伯纳多- 德(1469–1527，意大利政治家和政治哲学家；其最有名的著作《君主论》[1532]建议统治者为获取和掌握权力可能必须不择手段）
41. Desiderius Erasmus(c. 1469-1536)
The Praise ofFolly
伊拉斯谟-----------愚人礼赞
Desiderius(c.1469–1536), Dutch humanist and scholar; Dutch name Gerhard Gerhards. He wasthe foremost Renaissance scholar of northern Europe, paving the way for theReformation with his satires on the Church, including the Colloquia Familiaria(1518). However, he opposed the violence of the Reformation and condemnedLuther in De Libero Arbitrio (1523)
伊拉斯谟，德西德里斯（约1469–1536，荷兰人文主义者和学者；荷兰语名为格哈德-格哈兹，是北欧最重要的文艺复兴学者，对教会的讽刺作品包括《家常谈》［1518］，为宗教改革铺平了道路，不过，他反对宗教改革中使用武力，并在其《自由抉择》［1523］中对路德进行了谴责）
42. NicolausCopernicus (1473-1543)
· On theRevolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
哥白尼-----------天体运行论（De Revolutionibus）
Nicolaus (1473–1543),Polish astronomer; Latinized name of Mikotaj Kopernik. He proposed a model ofthe solar system in which the planets orbited in perfect circles around the sunand his work ultimately led to the overthrow of the established geocentriccosmology. He published his astronomical theories in De Revolutionibus OrbiumCoelestium (1543)
哥白尼，尼古劳斯（1473-1543，波兰天文学家，拉丁名MikotajKopernik；提出太阳是宇宙中心，其他行星围绕太阳旋转的日心说，导致最终推翻当时已确立的地心说；《天体运行论》[1543]阐述了其天文理论）
43. Sir Thomas More(c. 1478-1535)
Utopia
托马斯·摩尔-----------乌托邦
乌托邦(理想中美好的社会)
an imagined place orstate of things in which everything is perfect. The word was first used in thebook Utopia (1516) by Sir Thomas More
乌托邦（指理想中最完美的地方或事物，最早于1516年由托马斯-莫尔用作书名）。
[常utopia ]理想的完美境界; 空想的社会改良计划(源出英国空想社会主义者托·摩尔所作《乌托邦》一书)
44. Martin Luther(1483-1546)
Three Treatises
Table-Talk
马丁·路德-----------三檄文、桌上谈
Martin (1483–1546),German Protestant theologian, the principal figure of the German Reformation.He preached the doctrine of justification by faith rather than by works andattacked the sale of indulgences (1517) and papal authority. In 1521 he wasexcommunicated at the Diet of Worms. His translation of the Bible into HighGerman (1522–34) contributed significantly to the development of Germanliterature in the vernacular
路德，马丁(1483–1546，德国基督教新教神学家，德国宗教改革运动的主要人物，鼓吹“因信称义”，抨击销售赎罪券[1517]，反对教皇的权威，1521年在沃尔姆斯会议上被逐出教会；他将《圣经》译成高地德语[1522–1534]，为德语白话文学的发展做出了重大贡献）
45. Franois Rabelais(c. 1495-1553)
· Gargantua andPantagruel
拉伯雷-----------巨人传
Franois(c.1494–1553), French satirist. His writings are noted for their earthy humour,their parody of medieval learning and literature, and their affirmation ofhumanist values. Notable works: Pantagruel (c. 1532)Gargantua (1534)
拉伯雷（约1494—1553，法国讽刺作家，作品朴实幽默，对中世纪学术与文艺加以嘲弄，对人文主义价值观予以肯定；代表作品：《巨人传》 ［约1532］，《高康大》 [1534]）
46. John Calvin(1509-1564)
Institutes of theChristian Religion
加尔文-----------基督教要义
John (1509–64),French Protestant theologian and reformer. On becoming a Protestant he fled toSwitzerland, where he attempted to reorder society on reformed Christianprinciples and established the first Presbyterian government, in Geneva. HisInstitutes of the Christian Religion (1536) was the first systematic account ofreformed Christian doctrine
加尔文，约翰（1509–1564，法国新教神学家和改革家，一成为新教徒之后便逃到瑞士，在那里试图根据改革后的基督教原则重整社会，并在日内瓦建立了第一个长老会政府，其《基督教原理》［1536］ 是首部系统阐述改革后的基督教教义之著作）
47. Michel de Montaigne(1533-1592)
· Essays
蒙田-----------随笔
Michel (Eyquem) de(1533–92), French essayist. Widely regarded as the originator of the modernessay, he wrote about prominent personalities and ideas of his age in hissceptical Essays (1580; 1588)
蒙田，米歇尔-（埃康）-德(1533—1592，法国散文作家。被认为是现代散文创始人，就其时代显著的个性与思潮撰有质疑性的《随笔集》 [1580; 1588]）
48. William Gilbert(1540-1603)
· On the Loadstoneand Magnetic Bodies
威廉·吉尔伯特-----------磁石论
William (1544–1603),English physician and physicist. He discovered how to make magnets, and coinedthe term magnetic pole. His book De Magnete (1600) is an important early workon physics
吉尔伯特，威廉（1544–1603，英国医师和物理学家，发现制造磁铁的方法并创造了“磁极”一词，所著《论磁石、磁体和地球大磁石》一书[1600]是有关物理学的早期重要著作）
49. Miguel deCervantes (1547-1616)
· Don Quixote
塞万提斯-----------堂吉诃德
Miguel de(1547–1616), Spanish novelist and dramatist; full name Miguel de CervantesSaavedra. His most famous work is Don Quixote (1605–15), a satire on chivalricromances that greatly influenced the development of the novel
塞万提斯，米格尔-德（1547—1616，西班牙小说家，剧作家，全名米格尔-德塞万提斯-萨韦德拉，最著名的作品《堂吉诃德》［1605—1615］是一部讽刺骑士传奇文学的作品，曾对小说的发展产生重大影响）
50. Edmund Spenser (c.1552-1599)
Prothalamion
The Faerie Queene
爱德蒙·斯宾塞-----------预祝婚礼曲、仙后
Edmund (c.1552–99),English poet. He is best known for his allegorical romance the Faerie Queene(1590; 1596), celebrating Queen Elizabeth I and written in the Spenserianstanza
斯宾塞，爱德蒙（约1552—1599，英国诗人，以其颂扬伊丽莎白一世女王，用斯宾塞诗体九行诗节所作的长篇寓言诗《仙后》[1590；1596]著称）
51. Francis Bacon(1561-1626)
Essays
· Advancement ofLearning
· Novum Organum
· New Atlantis
培根-----------随笔集、学术的推进、新工具、新大西岛
Francis, BaronVerulam and Viscount St Albans (1561–1626), English statesman and philosopher.As a scientist he advocated the inductive method; his views were instrumentalin the founding of the Royal Society 1660. Notable works: The Advancement ofLearning (1605) and Novum Organum (1620)
培根，弗兰西斯（维鲁伦男爵和圣奥尔本斯子爵）（1561—1626，英国政治家和哲学家。作为科学家他提倡归纳法；其观点有助于1660年皇家学会的成立。代表作有： 《学术的进展》［1605］和 《新工具》［1620］）
52. WilliamShakespeare (1564-1616)
.Works
莎士比亚-----------著作
His plays are writtenmostly in blank verse and include comedies, such as A Midsummer Night's Dreamand As You Like It; historical plays, including Richard III and Henry V; theGreek and Roman plays, which include Julius Caesar and Antony and Cleopatra;enigmatic comedies such as All's Well that Ends Well and Measure for Measure;the great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth; and the group oftragicomedies with which he ended his career, such as The Winter's Tale and TheTempest. He also wrote more than 150 sonnets, published in 1609
莎士比亚，威廉(1564—1616，英国戏剧家）
53. Galileo Galilei(1564-1642)
The StarryMessenger
· DialoguesConcerning Two New Sciences
伽利略-----------关于两门新科学的对话、星夜的差使
伽利略(意大利天文学家,数学家,1564-1642)
54. Johannes Kepler(1571-1630)
· Epitome ofCopernican Astronomy
.Concerning theHarmonies of the World
开布勒-----------哥白尼天文学概要、世界的和谐
Johannes (1571–1630),German astronomer. His analysis of Tycho Brahe's planetary observations led himto discover the three laws governing orbital motion
开普勒，约翰尼斯(1571–1630，德国天文学家，他通过分析第谷-布雷赫观测到的行星数据，发现了行星运行的三大定律）
55. William Harvey(1578-1657)
.On the Motion ofthe Heart and Blood in Animals
.On theCirculation of the Blood
.On the Generationof Animals
威廉·哈维-----------动物心运动的解剖学研究、血液循环、论动物的生殖
William (1578–1657),English physician, discoverer of the circulation of the blood. In De MotuCordis (1628) Harvey described the motion of the heart and concluded that theblood left through the arteries and returned to the heart through the veinsafter it had passed through the flesh
哈维，威廉（1578–1657， 英格兰内科医生，血液循环的发现者，在其著作《心血运动论》［1628］中描述了心脏的跳动，得出结论认为血液经动脉流出心脏，又在通过肌肉后经静脉流回心脏）
56. Thomas Hobbes(1588-1679)
.The Leviathan
托马斯-霍布斯-----------利维坦
Thomas (1588–1679),English philosopher. Hobbes was a materialist, claiming that there was no moreto the mind than the physical motions discovered by science, and he believedthat human action was motivated entirely by selfish concerns, notably fear ofdeath. In Leviathan (1651) he argued that absolute monarchy was the mostrational, hence desirable, form of government
霍布斯，托马斯(1588—1679，英国哲学家；霍布斯是唯物主义者，声称对精神来说，只存在科学发现的物质运动，他相信人的行为完全为自私所驱使，特别是为对死亡的恐惧所驱使；在《利维坦》[1651]中，他认为君主专制政体是最为理性因而最为可取的政府形式）
57. Rene Descartes(1596-1650)
· Rules for theDirection of the Mind
· Discourse onMethod
· Geometry
· Meditations onFirst Philosophy
笛卡儿-----------方法中的对话、方法论、几何学、第一哲学沉思
, René (1596–1650), French philosopher, mathematician, and man of science.He concluded that everything was open to doubt except conscious experience andexistence as a necessary condition of this: “Cogito, ergo sum” (I think,therefore I am). In mathematics, he developed the use of coordinates to locatea point in two or three dimensions.
笛卡尔，勒内（1596—1650，法国哲学家，数学家和科学家）
58. John Milton(1608-1674)
Works (esp. .theminor poems, · Areopagitica,
· Paradise Lost, · Samson Agonistes)
米尔顿-----------著作 特别：英文小诗歌、失乐园、力士参孙、论出版自由
John (1608–74),English poet. His three major works, completed after he had gone blind (1652),show his mastery of blank verse: they are the epic poems Paradise Lost (1667,revised 1674) and Paradise Regained (1671), and the verse drama SamsonAgonistes (1671)
弥尔顿，约翰(1608–1674，英国诗人；三部主要作品都创作于他双目失明 ［１６５２］后，展现了驾驭无韵诗体的娴熟技巧；这三部作品是：史诗《失乐园》 [1667,1674年修订］和《复乐园》 [1671]以及诗剧《力士参孙》[1671]）
59. Moliere(1622-1673)
Comedies (esp. TheMiser, The School for Wives,
The Misanthrope,The Doctor in Spite of Him-self, Tartuffe)
莫里哀-----------喜剧特别：吝啬鬼、太太学校、恨世者、讨厌自己的医生、塔图弗
60. Blaise Pascal(1623-1662)
· The ProvincialLetters
· Pensees
· Scientifictreatises
帕斯卡-----------思想录、致外省人信札、科学论文集
Blaise (1623–62),French mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. He founded thetheory of probabilities and developed a forerunner of integral calculus, but isbest known for deriving the principle that the pressure of a fluid at rest istransmitted equally in all directions. His Lettres Provinciales (1656–7) andPensées (1670) argue for his Jansenist Christianity
帕斯卡，布勒斯（1623—1662，法国数学家、物理学家和宗教哲学家，创立了概率论，是微分学的先驱之一，最负盛名的是提出静止流体的压强是向各方均衡传播的原理，著有《致外省人》[1656—1657]和《思想录》[1670]为自己的基督教詹森教派观点作辩护）
61. Christiaan Huygens(1629-1695)
.Treatise on Light
惠更斯-----------光论
62. Benedict deSpinoza (1632-1677)
· Ethics
斯宾诺莎-----------伦理学
Baruch (or Benedict)de (1632–77), Dutch philosopher, of Portuguese-Jewish descent. Spinoza espouseda pantheistic system, seeing 'God or nature’ as a single infinite substance, with mind and matter being twoincommensurable ways of conceiving the one reality
斯宾诺莎，巴鲁（或本尼迪克特）-德(1632—1677，葡萄牙—犹太裔的荷兰哲学家；信奉一种泛神理论体系，把“上帝或自然”视为单一的无限实体，而精神和物质是领悟同一实在的两种无法以同一标准来衡量的方式）
63. John Locke(1632-1704)
·Letter ConcemingToleration
·Of CivilGovernment" (second treatise in Two Treatises on Govemment )
·Essay ConcemingHuman Understanding
ThoughtsConceming Education
洛克-----------论宽容、政府论、人类理解论
John (1632–1704),English philosopher, a founder of empiricism and political liberalism. His TwoTreatises of Government (1690) argues that the authority of rulers has a humanorigin and is limited. In An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) heargued that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience
洛克，约翰(1632–1704，英国哲学家，经验主义和政治自由主义创始人。他在《政府二条约》 [1690]中提出统治者的权威源自人，并且是有限的。在《人类理解论》 [1690]中提出所有的知识都是从感知经验中产生的）
64. Jean BaptisteRacine (1639-1699)
Tragedies ( esp.Andromache, Phaedra)
拉辛-----------悲剧 特别：安德罗玛克、菲德拉
Jean (1639–99),French dramatist, the principal tragedian of the French classical period.Central to most of his tragedies is a perception of the blind folly of humanpassion, continually enslaved and unsatisfied. Notable works: Andromaque (1667)and Phèdre (1677)
拉辛，让（1639—1699，法国剧作家，法国古典主义时期主要悲剧作家，大部分悲剧作品揭示了人类无法摆脱的盲目而愚蠢的激情；代表作品：《安德罗玛克》［1667］和《菲德拉》［1677］）
65. Isaac Newton(1642-1727)
· MathematicalPrinciples of Natural Philosophy
· Optics
牛顿-----------自然哲学的数学原理、光学
Sir Isaac(1642–1727), English mathematician and physicist, considered the greatestsingle influence on theoretical physics until Einstein
牛顿，艾萨克爵士(1642–1727，英国数学家、物理学家，被认为是爱因斯坦之前对理论物理影响最大的人）
66. Gottfried Wilhelmvon Leibniz (1646-1716)
Discourse onMetaphysics
New EssaysConceming Human Understanding
Monadology
莱布尼兹-----------形而上学序论、人类理智新论、单子论
Gottfried Wilhelm(1646–1716), German rationalist philosopher, mathematician, and logician. Heargued that the world is composed of single units (monads), each of which isself-contained but acts in harmony with every other, as ordained by God, and sothis world is the best of all possible worlds. Leibniz also made the importantdistinction between necessary and contingent truths and devised a method ofcalculus independently of Newton
莱布尼兹，格特弗里 德-威廉(1646–1716，德国理性主义哲学家、数学家和逻辑学家；他认为世界由单个个体（单子）组成，根据上帝旨意，每个单子都独立存在又与其他单子和谐一致，因此他认为这个世界是可能存在的最好世界；同时，他区别必然真理和偶然真理，并且未受牛顿影响发明了微积分演算法）
67. Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)
Robinson Crusoe
笛福-----------罗宾汉
Daniel (1660–1731),English novelist and journalist. His best-known novel, Robinson Crusoe (1719),is loosely based on the true story of the shipwrecked sailor Alexander Selkirk;it has a claim to being the first English novel. Other Notable works: MollFlanders (novel, 1722) and A Journal of the Plague Year (historical fiction,1722)
笛福，丹尼尔（1660–1731，英国小说家和记者，最著名的小说《鲁宾孙漂流记》［1719］大体根据海难水手亚历山大-塞尔克尔克的真实故事创作，被认为是第一本英国小说；其他代表作品：小说《摩尔-弗兰德斯》［1722］，史传《大疫年日记》［1722］）
68. Jonathan Swift(16ffl-1745)
· A Tale of a Tub
· Journal toStella
· Gulliver'sTravels
· A ModestProposal
斯威夫特-----------致史黛拉书、格理弗游记、一个木桶的故事、一个小小的建议
乔纳森·斯威夫特（英语：Jonathan Swift，1667年11月30日－1745年10月19日）英国-爱尔兰作家。讽刺文学大师，以《格理弗游记》和《一只桶的故事》等作品闻名于世。
69. William Congreve(lfflO-I729)
The Way of theWorld
康格里夫-----------浮士道
William (1670–1729),English dramatist. A close associate of Swift, Pope, and Steele, he wrote playssuch as Love for Love (1695) and The Way of the World (1700), which epitomizethe wit and satire of Restoration comedy
康格里夫，威廉（1670—1729，英国剧作家，斯威夫特、蒲柏和斯梯尔的密友，作品体现英国王政复辟时期喜剧的风趣及讽刺特征，如《为爱而爱》［1965］和《如此世道》［1700］）
70. George Berkeley(1685-1753)
· Principles ofHuman Knowledge
柏克莱/贝克莱-----------人类知识原理
George (1685–1753),Irish philosopher and bishop. He argued that material objects exist solely bybeing perceived, so there are only minds and mental events. Since God perceiveseverything all the time, objects have a continuous existence in the mind ofGod. Notable works: A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge(1710)
贝克莱，乔治（1685—1753，爱尔兰哲学家、主教，他认为物质客体只能因被感知而存在，所以世间只存在心灵和心理活动；既然上帝每时每刻都在感知万物，客体便在上帝的心中持续存在；代表作品：《人类知识原理》［1710］）
71. Alexander Pope(1688-1744)
Essay on Criticism
Rape of the Lock
Essay on Man
蒲伯-----------论批评、人论、鬈发遇劫记
Alexander(1688–1744), English poet. A major figure of the Augustan age, he is famous forhis caustic wit and metrical skill, in particular his use of the heroiccouplet. Notable works: The Rape of the Lock (1712; enlarged 1714); An Essay onMan (1733–4)
蒲柏，亚历山大(1688—1744，英国诗人，奥古斯都时代文学的主要人物，以其刻薄机智和韵律技巧，尤其是对英雄偶句诗体的运用而闻名；代表作品：《夺发记》 [1712；1714年扩写],《论人》 [1733—1734]）
72. Charles deSecondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755 )
Persian Letters
孟德斯鸠-----------波斯人信札、论法的精神
Charles Louis deSecondat, Baron de La Brède et de(1689–1755), French political philosopher. His reputation rests chiefly onL'Esprit des lois (1748), a comparative study of political systems in which hechampioned the separation of judicial, legislative, and executive powers asbeing most conducive to individual liberty
孟德斯鸠，查尔斯-路易斯-德塞孔德特，德拉布雷德厄德男爵(1689—1755，法国政治哲学家；主要以《论法的精神》 [1748]著名，该书对比研究各种政治体制，主张立法、行政、司法三权分立可最有效促进个人自由）
73. "Voltaire(1694-1778)
Letters on theEnglish
Candide
PhilosophicalDictionary
伏尔泰-----------英国书简、老实人、哲学词典
(1694–1778), Frenchwriter, dramatist, and poet; pseudonym of Franois-Marie Arouet. He was aleading figure of the Enlightenment, and frequently came into conflict with theEstablishment as a result of his radical views and satirical writings. Notableworks: Lettres philosophiques (1734) and the satire Candide (1759)
伏尔泰（1694—1778，法国作家、剧作家、诗人，弗朗索亚马利-阿卢埃的笔名；启蒙运动的代表人物，其激进的观点和讽刺作品经常与统治集团发生冲突；代表作品：《哲学书简》[1734]和讽刺作品《老实人》[1759]）
74. Henry Fielding (1707-1754)
· Joseph Andrews
.Tom Jones
亨利·菲尔丁-----------约瑟夫·安德鲁传、汤姆·琼斯
Henry (1707–54),English novelist. He provoked the introduction of censorship in theatres withhis political satire The Historical Register for 1736. He then turned towriting picaresque novels, notably Joseph Andrews (1742) and Tom Jones (1749).Fielding was also responsible for the formation of the Bow Street Runners in1749
菲尔丁，亨利（1707–1754，英国小说家，其政治讽刺剧《1736年的历史记录》促使当局实施戏剧审查制度；后转写歹徒小说，代表作有《约瑟夫-安德鲁斯》［1742］和《汤姆-琼斯》［1749］；还导致当局1749年设立了伦敦博街警署）
75. "SamuelJohnson (1709-1784)
The Vanity ofHuman Wishes
Dictionary
Rasselas
The Lives of thePoets (esp. the essays on Milton and Pope)
塞缪尔·约翰逊-----------人类欲望的虚幻、英文辞典、拉塞勒斯、诗人传
Samuel (1709–84),English lexicographer, writer, critic, and conversationalist; known as DrJohnson. A leading figure in the literary London of his day, he is notedparticularly for his Dictionary of the English Language (1755), edition ofShakespeare (1765), and The Lives of the English Poets (1777). James Boswell'sbiography of Johnson records details of his life and conversation
约翰逊，塞缪尔（1709—1784，英国辞典编纂家、作家、批评家、雄辩家；通称约翰逊博士；作为当时伦敦文学界的重要人物，他所编纂的《英语辞典》[1755]、莎士比亚作品 [1765]和《英国诗人传》[1777]使他闻名遐迩；詹姆斯-博斯韦尔的《塞缪尔-约翰逊传》详细记录了他的生平和谈话）
76. "David Hume(1711-1776)
· Treatise ofHuman Nature
· Essays Moral andPolitical
· An InquiryConceming Human Understanding
休姆-----------人性论、道德与政治文集、人类理智研究
休姆，戴维(1711–1776，苏格兰哲学家，经济学家和历史学家，认为知识中不可能存在确定性，声称所有的理性材料都来自经验；主要作品：《人性论》 [1739–1740]和《英格兰史》 [1754–1762]）
77. "Jean JacquesRousseau (1712-1778)
.On the Origin ofInequality
.On PoliticalEconomy
Emile
.The SocialContract
让·雅各·卢梭-----------论人类不平等的起源和基础、论政治经济学、爱弥尔、社会契约论
Jean-Jacques(1712–78), French philosopher and writer, born in Switzerland. He believed thatcivilization warps the fundamental goodness of human nature, but that the illeffects can be moderated by active participation in democratic consensualpolitics. Notable works: Emile (1762) and The Social Contract (1762)
卢梭，让–雅克(1712—1778，法国哲学家、作家，生于瑞士；他认为文明扭曲了人的本性之善，但是这种恶果可以通过积极参与民主政治得到改变，代表作品：《爱弥尔》 [1762]和《社会契约论》 [1762]）
78. Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)
· Tristram Shandy
· A SentimentalJourney Through France and Italy
劳伦斯-斯特恩-----------商第传、在法国和意大利的伤感旅行
劳伦斯·斯特恩（Lawrence Sterne, 1713-1768）, 是一位十分奇特的小说家。他出生于爱尔兰的科龙梅尔。由于父亲是名军人，斯特恩从小就过着不安定的游荡生活。1733年，他进入剑桥耶稣学院学习。毕业后做了二十三年牧师，1759年，他在四十六岁的时候开始创作小说巨著《商第传》，共写了九卷（1759—1767）。1768年，他的另一部重要小说作品《感伤旅行》问世。之后不久，他便染病不治身亡，《商第传》的写作也因此中断。
79. Adam Smith(1723-1790)
The Theory of theMoral Sentiments
.Inquiry into theNature and Causes of the
Wealth of Nations
亚当·斯密-----------道德情操论、国富论
英国古典政治经济学体系的建立者。代表英国工场手工业已高度发展、产业革命开始时期资产阶级的利益。在爱丁堡大学和格拉斯哥大学讲授文学、逻辑学、道德哲学。一度游法，结识魁奈和杜尔哥等。1776年发表其代表作《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》（简称《国富论》）。从人类利己心出发，以经济自由为中心思想，以国民财富为研究对象，第一次系统地论述了政治经济学的主要内容。相当正确地表示出资本主义经济体系的内在关联，但又把它的外表现象庸俗地加以叙述。认为劳动是财富的源泉和价值的尺度，是他的一大功绩；但又说价值由工资、利润和地租所构成，则为庸俗的生产费用说开其端。在分配论上，科学的成分和错误的见解亦同时并存，既说利润是劳动者所创造的价值的一部分，又说利润是企业主服务或资本职能的报酬。主张自由竞争，抨击重商主义，对英国经济政策曾起过重大作用。另一重要著作是《道德情操论》。
80. "ImmanuelKant (1724--1804)
.Critique of PureReason
.FundamentalPrinciples of the Metaphysics of Morals
.Critique ofPractical Reason
.The Science ofRight
.Critique ofJudgment
Perpetual Peace
康德-----------纯粹理性批判、实践理性批判、道德的形而上学原理、权利科学、判断力批判、论永久和平
Immanuel(1724–1804), German philosopher. In the Critique of Pure Reason (1781) he counteredHume's sceptical empiricism by arguing that any affirmation or denial regardingthe ultimate nature of reality ('noumenon’) makes no sense. All we can know are the objects of experience('phenomena’), interpreted by space and time and ordered according to twelvekey concepts. Kant's Critique of Practical Reason (1788) affirms the existenceof an absolute moral law—the categorical imperative
康德，伊曼纽尔(1724–1804，德国哲学家，在《纯粹理性批判》[1781]中，他驳斥了休姆的经验主义怀疑论，主张任何关于本体本质的肯定或否定都是毫无意义的，我们所能知道的一切只不过是经验的对象或曰“现象”，它们是用时间和空间来解释，且依照十二种主要概念加以整理；康德的《实践理性批判》 [1788]肯定了绝对道德法则，即绝对命令的存在）
81. Edward Gibbon(1737-1794)
The Decline andFaU of the Roman Empire
Autobiography
爱德华·吉本-----------罗马帝国的衰亡
爱德华·吉本（Edward Gibbon，1737年5月8日─1794年1月16日），英国作家、历史学家，启蒙运动的杰出代表之一。《罗马帝国衰亡史》的作者。
82. James Boswell(1740-1795)
Journal ( esp.London Journal)
.Life of SamuelJohnson Ll.D.
包斯威尔-----------伦敦日记、约翰逊传
James (1740–95),Scottish author, companion and biographer of Samuel Johnson. He is known forJournal of a Tour to the Hebrides (1785)and The Life of Samuel Johnson (1791)
鲍斯韦尔，詹姆斯（1740—1795，苏格兰作家萨缪尔-约翰逊的朋友和传记作家，著有《科西嘉岛纪实》［1785］和《萨缪尔-约翰逊传记》［1791］）
83. Antoine LaurentLavoisier (1743-1794)
· Elements ofChemistry
拉瓦锡-----------化学概要
Antoine Laurent(1743–94), French scientist, regarded as the father of modern chemistry. Hecaused a revolution in chemistry by his description of combustion as thecombination of substances with air, or more specifically the gas oxygen
拉瓦锡，安托万-劳伦(1743–1794，法国科学家，现代化学之父，将燃烧解释为物质与空气［更确切说是氧气］的化合，引发了一场化学界的革命）
84. John Jay(1745-1829), James Madison (1751-1836), and Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804)
· FederalistPapers
(together with the· Articles of Confederation,
the .Constitutionof the United States, and the
· Declaration ofIndependence)
多位-----------联邦党人文集
85. Jeremy Bentham(1748-1832)
Introduction tothe Principles of Morals and
Legislation
Theory of Fictions
边沁-----------道德与立法原理导论、边沁的虚构理论(奥格登编撰)
Jeremy (1748 – 1832),English philosopher and jurist, the first major proponent of utilitarianism.Notable works: Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789)
边沁，杰里米（1748—1832，英国哲学家、法学家，功利主义伦理学的早期代表人物；代表作品：《道德及立法原理》［1789］）
86. Johann Wolfgangvon Goethe (1749-1832)
· Faust
Poetry and Truth
歌德-----------浮士德、诗与真相
Johann Wolfgang von(1749–1832), German poet, dramatist, and scholar. Involved at first with theSturm und Drang movement, Goethe changed to a more measured and classicalstyle, as in the 'Wilhelm Meister’ novels (1796–1829). Notable dramas: Gotz von Berlichingen (1773),Tasso (1790), and Faust (1808–32)
歌德，约翰-沃尔夫冈-冯（1749–1832，德国诗人、剧作家和学者，他早先曾卷入狂飙运动，后来他变得字斟句酌并有古典风格，如小说《威廉-迈斯特》［1796–1829］中的风格；著名戏剧有《葛兹-封-贝利欣根》［1773］、《塔索》［1790］和《浮士德》［1808–1832］）
87. Jean BaptisteJoseph Fourier (1768-1830)
· AnalyticalTheory of Heat
傅立叶-----------热的分析理论
Jean Baptiste Joseph(1768–1830), French mathematician. His studies involved him in the solution ofpartial differential equations by the method of separation of variables andsuperposition; this led him to analyse the series and integrals that are nowknown by his name
傅里叶，让-巴蒂斯特-约瑟夫（1768-1830，法国数学家，研究用变量分离和叠加方法解偏微分方程，并用以分析级数和积分；此级数和积分如今以他的名字命名）
88. Georg WilhelmFriedrich Hegel (1770-1831)
Phenomenology ofSpirit
· Philosophy ofRight
· Lectures on thePhilosophy of History
黑格尔-----------精神现象学、权利哲学、历史哲学
Georg WilhelmFriedrich (1770–1831), German philosopher. In his Science of Logic (1812–16)Hegel described the three-stage process of dialectical reasoning, on which Marxbased his theory of dialectical materialism. He believed that history, theevolution of ideas, and human consciousness all develop through idealistdialectical processes as part of the Absolute or God coming to know itself
黑格尔，乔治-威廉-弗里德里希（1770—1831，德国哲学家。在《逻辑学》［1812—1816］中，黑格尔描述了辨证推理的三阶段，后来成为马克思辩证唯物主义理论的基础；他相信历史、观念的演变和人的意识都是绝对观念或上帝认识自己的一个方面，都通过唯心主义辩证过程发展）
89. William Wordsworth(1770-1850)
Poems (esp.Lyrical BaUads, Lucy poems, sonnets;
The Prelude )
华兹华斯-----------诗特别：抒情歌谣集、露茜组诗、长诗(序曲)
William (1770–1850),English poet. Much of his work was inspired by the Lake District. His LyricalBallads (1798), which was composed with Coleridge and included 'Tintern Abbey’, was alandmark in romanticism. Other notable poems: 'I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud’ (sonnet, 1815) and The Prelude (1850).He was appointed Poet Laureate in 1843
华兹华斯，威廉(1770–1850，英国诗人，其许多作品的灵感均来自湖泊地区；他与柯尔律治一道写就的，包括《丁登寺》在内的《抒情歌谣集》［1798］是浪漫主义的里程碑；其他代表作品有十四行诗《我好似一朵孤独的流云》 [1815]和《序曲》 [1850]，1843年被封为桂冠诗人）
90. Samuel TaylorColeridge (1772-1834)
Poems (esp."Kubla Khan," Rime of the Ancient Mariner)
Biographia Literaria
塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治 --
Samuel Taylor(1772–1834), English poet, critic, and philosopher. His Lyrical Ballads (1798),written with William Wordsworth, marked the start of English romanticism andincluded 'The Rime of the AncientMariner’. Other notable poems: 'Christabel’ and 'Kubla Khan’ (both 1816)
柯尔律治，塞缪尔·泰勒（1772—1834，英国诗人、评论家和哲学家，他和威廉·华兹华斯合著的《抒情歌谣集》［1798］ 标志着英国文学浪漫主义的开端，其中包括《古舟子咏》；其他代表性诗作：《克丽斯特贝尔》和《忽必烈汗》［均1816］）
91. Jane Austen(1775-1817)
Pride andPreiudice
Emma
奥斯汀-----------傲慢与偏见、爱玛
Jane (1775–1817),English novelist. Her major novels are Sense and Sensibility (1811), Pride andPrejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814), Emma (1815), Northanger Abbey (1818),and Persuasion (1818). They are notable for skilful characterization, dry wit,and penetrating social observation
奥斯丁，简（1775—1817，英国小说家，主要作品有： 《理智与情感》[１８１１]，《傲慢与偏见》[１８１３]，《曼斯菲尔德花园》[１８１４]，《爱玛》[１８１５]，《诺桑觉寺》和《劝导》[１８１８]，均以人物刻画细腻、笔调风趣和对社会深刻的洞察而闻名）
92. "Karl vonClausewitz (1780-1831)
On War
克劳塞维茨-----------战争论
卡尔·菲利普·戈特弗里德·冯·克劳塞维茨（1780～1831年），德国军事理论家和军事历史学家，普鲁士军队少将。1792年，参加了普鲁士军队。1795年晋升为军官，并自修了战略学、战术学和军事历史学。著有《战争论》一书。
93. Stendhal(1783-1842)
The Red and theBlack
The Charterhouseof Parma
On Love
司汤达-----------红与黑、帕尔马修道院、爱情论
(1783–1842), Frenchnovelist; pseudonym of Marie Henri Beyle. His two best-known novels are LeRouge et le noir (1830), relating the rise and fall of a young man from theprovinces, and La Chartreuse de Parme (1839)
司汤达（法国小说家；马里耶·亨利·贝勒的笔名；他两部最有名的小说是《红与黑》[1830]，描写一个外省青年男子的兴衰，和《巴马修道院》[1839]）
94. George Gordon,Lord Byron (1788-1824)
Don Juan
拜伦-----------瑭璜
George Gordon, 6thBaron (1788–1824), English poet. Byron's poetry exerted considerable influenceon the romantic movement, particularly on the Continent.Having joined the fightfor Greek independence, he died of malaria before seeing serious action.Notable works: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812–18) and Don Juan (1819–24)
拜伦，乔治·戈登，男爵（第六）（1788—1824，英国诗人，其诗对浪漫主义运动，尤其对欧洲大陆有很深的影响；参加了希腊独立战争，但在大战前死于疟疾；代表作品：《恰尔德·哈罗尔德游记》［1812—1818］ 及《唐璜》［1819—1824］）
95. ArthurSchopenhauer (1788-1860)
Studies inPessimism
叔本华-----------悲观主义的研究
Arthur (1788–1860),German philosopher. According to his philosophy, as expressed in The World asWill and Idea, the will is identified with ultimate reality and happiness isonly achieved by abnegating the will (as desire)
叔本华，亚瑟（1788—1860，德国哲学家，按照他的哲学，即在《意志和表象的世界》中的观点，意志即是终极实在，只有放弃（作为欲望的）意志才能得到幸福）
96. Michael Faraday(1791-1867)
Chemical Historyofa Candle
· ExperimentalResearches in Electricity
法拉第-----------蜡烛的化学历史、电学实验研究
Michael (1791–1867),English physicist and chemist. He contributed significantly to the field ofelectromagnetism, discovering electromagnetic induction and demonstratingelectromagnetic rotation (the key to the electric dynamo and motor). Faradayalso discovered the laws of electrolysis and set the foundations for the classicalfield theory of electromagnetic behaviour
法拉第，迈克尔（1791–1867，英国物理学家和化学家，对电磁学领域贡献巨大，发现了电磁感应，验证了对电动机和发动机至关重要的电磁旋转，还发现了电解定律，奠定了经典电磁场理论的基础）
97. Charles Lyell(1797-1875)
Principles ofGeology
莱伊尔-----------地质学原理
Sir Charles (1797–1875),Scottish geologist. His textbook Principles of Geology (1830–3) influenced ageneration of geologists and held that the earth's features were shaped over along period of time by natural processes, thus clearing the way for Darwin'stheory of evolution
赖尔，查尔斯爵士(1797–1875，苏格兰地质学家，他写的教材《地质学原理》 [1830–1833]影响了整整一代地质学者，他断言地球的地貌特征是长时间自然作用形成的，这为达尔文的进化论铺平了道路）
98. Auguste Comte(1798-1857)
The PositivePhilosophy
孔德-----------实证哲学教程
Auguste (1798–1857),French philosopher, one of the founders of sociology. Comte's positivistphilosophy attempted to define the laws of social evolution and to found agenuine social science that could be used for social reconstruction
孔德，奥古斯特（1798–1857，法国哲学家，社会学创始人之一；其实证主义哲学试图详细说明社会进化的规律，并创立一种可用于社会重建的真正的社会科学）
99. Honore de Balzac(1799-1850)
Pere Gorlot
Eugenie Grandet
巴尔扎克-----------高老头、欧也妮·葛朗台
Honoré de (1799–1850), French novelist. He is chiefly remembered for hisseries of ninety-one interconnected novels and stories known collectively as LaComédie humaine, which includes Eugénie Grandet (1833) and Le Père Goriot (1835)
巴尔扎克，奥诺雷·德（1799—1850，法国小说家，以包括91部系列小说的巨著《人间喜剧》闻名，包括《欧也妮·葛朗台》［1833］和《高老头》［1835］等）
100. Ralph WaldoEmerson (1803-1882)
Representative Men
Essays
Journal
爱默生-----------代表人物、爱默生集：论文和讲演集、爱默生随笔
Ralph Waldo(1803–82), American philosopher and poet. He evolved the concept ofTranscendentalism, which found expression in his essay Nature (1836)
爱默生，拉尔夫·沃尔多（1803–1882，美国哲学家、诗人，发展了超验论思想，该思想在其1836年的散文《论自然》中得以表现）
101. NathanielHawthorne (1804-1864)
The Scarlet Letter
霍桑-----------红字
纳撒尼尔·霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne，1804年7月4日—1864年5月19日）19世纪美国小说家。其代表作品《红字》已成为世界文学的经典之一。
102. Alexis deTocqueville (1805-1859)
Democracy inAmerica
托克维尔-----------美国的民主政治
托克维尔(1805-1859)，法国历史学家、社会学家。主要代表作有《论美国的民主》第一卷、《论美国的民主》第二卷、《旧制度与大革命〉。出身贵族世家，经历过五个“朝代”(法兰西第一帝国、波旁复辟王朝、七月王朝、法兰西第二共和国、法兰西第二帝国)。前期热心于政治，1838年出任众议院议员，1848年二月革命后参与制订第二共和国宪法，1849年一度出任外交部长。 1851年路易·波拿巴建立第二帝国，托克维尔对政治日益失望，从政治舞台上逐渐淡出，并逐渐认识到自己“擅长思想胜于行动”。
103. John Stuart Mill(1806-1873)
A System of Logic
.On Liberty
· RepresentativeGovernment
· Utilitarianism
· The Subiectionof Women
· Autobiography
密尔-----------理论学、论自由、代议制政府、功利主义、女性之卑屈、自传
John Stuart(1806–73), English philosopher and economist. Mill is best known for hispolitical and moral works, especially On Liberty (1859), which argued for theimportance of individuality, and Utilitarianism (1861), which extensivelydeveloped Bentham's theory
穆勒，约翰·斯图亚特（1806–1873，英国哲学家、经济学家；以政治和道德作品最为著名，尤其是《论自由》 [1859，该书论述了个性的重要 性］和《功利主义》 [1861，该书全面发展了边沁的理 论］）
104. Charles Darwin(181882)
.The Origin ofSpecies
.The Descent ofMan
Autobiography
查尔斯·达尔文-----------物种起源、人类的由来、自传
Charles (Robert)(1809–82), English natural historian and geologist, proponent of the theory ofevolution by natural selection. Darwin was the naturalist on HMS Beagle for hervoyage around the southern hemisphere (1831–6), during which he collected thematerial which became the basis for his ideas on natural selection. His worksOn the Origin of Species (1859) and The Descent of Man (1871) had a fundamentaleffect on our concepts of nature and humanity's place within it
达尔文，查尔斯（·罗伯特）（1809–1882，英格兰博物学家和地质学家，自然选择进化理论的提出者，作为博物学家搭乘比格尔号进行环南半球航行［1831–1836］，其间所收集的材料成为他自然选择理论的基础；他的《物种起源》［1859］和《人类的由来及性选择》［1871］对我们关于自然和人类在自然中的地位的概念起了根本影响）
105. Charles Dickens(1812-1870)
Works ( esp.Pickwick Papers, David Copperfield,
Hard Times)
查尔斯狄更斯-----------著作 特别：匹克威克外传、大卫·科波维尔、艰难时世
迪更斯(①姓氏 ②Charles, 1812-1870, 英国著名现实主义小说家)
106. Claude Bernard(1813-1878)
Introduction tothe Study of Experimental
Medicine
克劳德·伯纳德-----------实验医学研究导论
Claude (1813 – 78),French physiologist. Bernard showed the role of the pancreas in digestion, themethod of regulation of body temperature, and the function of nerves supplyingthe internal organs
贝尔纳，克洛德（1813—1878，法国生理学家，发现胰腺在消化中的作用、体温的调节方法以及神经对内脏的作用）
107. Henry DavidThoreau (1817-1862)
Civil Disobedience
Walden
梭罗 -----------论公民的不服从、瓦尔登湖
Henry David(1817–62), American essayist and poet, and a key figure in Transcendentalism.He is best known for his book Walden, or Life in the Woods (1854), an accountof a two-year experiment in self-sufficiency
梭罗，亨利·大卫(1817—1862，美国散文家及诗人，超验主义运动的主要人物，最著名的作品《沃尔登或林中生活》[1854]描述了两年自给自足的生活体验）
108. Karl Marx(1818-1883)
· Capital(together with the .Communist Manifesto)
马克思-----------资本论
Karl (Heinrich)(1818–83), German political philosopher and economist, resident in England from1849. The founder of modern communism with Friedrich Engels, he collaboratedwith him in the writing of the Communist Manifesto (1848), and enlarged it intoa series of books, most notably the three-volume Das Kapital
马克思，卡尔（·海因里希）(1818–1883，德国政治哲学家和政治经济学家，1849年起定居英国，与弗雷德里希·恩格斯共同创立现代共产主义，并合作撰写《共产党宣言》 [1848]，又将其扩充成为一系列著作，尤以三卷本的《资本论》著称）
109. George Eliot (1819-1880)
Adam Bede
Middlemarch
乔治·艾略特-----------亚当·贝德、米德尔马契
George (1819–80),English novelist; pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans. Her novels of provincial lifeare characterized by their exploration of moral problems and their developmentof the psychological analysis that marks the modern novel. Notable works: AdamBede (1859), The Mill on the Floss (1860), and Middlemarch (1871–2)
艾略特，乔治（1819–1880，英国小说家，本名玛丽·安·伊万斯，其关于乡镇生活小说的特点是对道德问题的挖掘及发展运用作为现代小说标志的心理分析法；代表作品：《亚当·比德》[1859]，《弗罗斯河上的磨坊》[1860]及《米德尔马契》[1871–1872]）
110. Herman Melville(1819-1891)
.Moby Dick
Billy Budd
赫尔曼·麦尔维尔-----------莫比迪克(白鲸)、比理巴德
Herman (1819–91),American novelist and short-story writer. His experiences on a whaling shipformed the basis of several novels, notably Moby Dick (1851). Other notableworks: Billy Budd (first published in 1924)
梅尔维尔，赫尔曼(1819—1891，美国长篇和短篇小说家；在捕鲸船上的经历构成他数部小说的基础，其中尤以《白鲸》著名 [1851]；其他代表作品有《毕利·伯德》[1924年首次出版］）
111. Fyodor Dostoevsky(1821-1881)
Crime andPunishment
The Idiot
.The BrothersKaramazov
陀思妥耶夫斯基-----------罪与罚、白痴、卡拉马佐夫兄弟
Fyodor (Mikhailovich)(1821–81), Russian novelist. Dostoevsky's novels reveal his psychologicalinsight, savage humour, and concern with the religious, political, and moralproblems posed by human suffering. Notable novels: Crime and Punishment (1866),The Idiot (1868), and The Brothers Karamazov (1880)
陀斯妥也夫斯基，费奥多尔（·米哈伊洛维奇）（1821—1881，俄罗斯小说家，作品体现了作者的心理洞察力、狂放的幽默和对造成人类痛苦的宗教、政治和道德问题的关心；代表小说：《罪与罚》［1866］、《白痴》［1868］和《卡拉马佐夫兄弟》［1880］）
112. Gustave Flaubert(1821-1880)
Madame Bovary
Three Stories
福楼拜-----------包法利夫人、三个故事
Gustave (1821–80),French novelist and short-story writer. A dominant figure in the French realistschool, he achieved fame with his first published novel, Madame Bovary (1857).Its portrayal of the adulteries and suicide of a provincial doctor's wifecaused Flaubert to be tried for immorality (and acquitted)
福楼拜，居斯塔夫（1821–1880，法国长篇小说家和短篇故事作家，法国现实主义流派的领军人物，发表处女作《包法利夫人》［1857］后便声名鹊起；小说对一位乡下医生妻子的通奸和自杀行为的描写使福楼拜被控道德沦丧而受审，但后来宣告无罪
113. Henrik Ibsen(1828-1906)
Plays (esp. HeddaGabler, A Dorfs House,
The Wild Duck)
易卜生-----------戏剧 特别：海达·高布乐、玩偶之家、野鸭
Henrik (1828–1906),Norwegian dramatist. He is credited with being the first major dramatist towrite tragedy about ordinary people in prose. Ibsen's later works, such as TheMaster Builder (1892), deal increasingly with the forces of the unconscious andwere admired by Sigmund Freud. Other notable works: Peer Gynt (1867), A Doll'sHouse (1879), Ghosts (1881)
易卜生，亨利克(1828—1906，挪威戏剧家；被认为是首位以散文体描写普通人悲剧的主要戏剧家；其晚期作品，如《建筑师索尔尼斯》 [1892
