爱华网第一节 冠词
一、冠词知识点:
冠词是一种虚词，放在名词的前面，帮助说明名词的含义。冠词分不定冠词（The Indefinite Article）和定冠词（The definite Article）两种。a (an) 是不定冠词，a用在辅音之前：如a pen, a man; an用在元音之前，如：an old bike, an hour, an interesting story等。the是定冠词。
（一）、不定冠词的用法
1、指人或事物的某一种类（泛指）。这是不定冠词a (an)的基本用法。如：She is a girl. I am a teacher. Please pass me an apple.
2、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。如：He borrowed a story-book from the library.
A Wang is looking for you. 一位姓王的同志正在找你。
3、表示数量，有“一”的意思，但数的概念没有one强烈。如：
I have a mouth, a nose and two eyes.
4、用于某些固定词组中。如：a bit, a few, a little, a lot of, a piece of, a cup of, a glass of, a pile of, mass of, have a good time, for a while, for a long time等。
5、用在抽象名词前，表具体的介绍——a + 抽象名词，起具体化的作用。如：
This little girl is a joy to her parents. 这女孩对她父母来说是一个乐趣。
It is a pleasure to talk with you. 跟您交谈真是一件愉快的事情。
It is an honour to me to attend the meeting. 参加这个会，对我来说是一种荣誉。
（二）、定冠词的用法：
1、特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。这是定冠词the的基本用法。如：
Beijing is the capital of China.
The pen on the desk is mine.
2、指谈话双方都知道的人或事物。如：
Where is the teacher?
Open the window, please.
3、指上文提过的人或事物（第二次出现）。如：
There was a chair by the window. On the chair sat a young woman with a baby in her arms.
The baby was thin.
4、用在世界上独一无二的事物前。如：the earth, the moon, the sun.
5、用在序数词和形容词最高级前。（副词最高级前的定冠词可省略）如：
He is always the first to come to school.
Bob is the tallest in his class.
6、用在某些专有名词前（由普通名词构成的专用名词）。如：the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Science Museum, the Children’s Palace, the Party等。
7、用在一些习惯用语中。如：on the day, in the morning (afternoon, evening), the day after tomorrow, the day before yesterday, the next year, by the way等。
8、用在江河湖海、山脉前。如：the Yellow River, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Himalayas
9、用在报刊、杂志前。如：the People’s Daily, the Evening Paper, the Times 泰晤士报。
10、表示某一家人要加定冠词。如：
The Browns are at home to receive visitors today. 布朗一家今天要接待客人。
11、用在形容词前，表某一类人。如：the poor, the wounded, the living, the dead, the rich, the sick等。
12、定冠词可以表示一事物内部的某处。如：
The driver always sits in the front of the bus(car).
（三）、零冠词（即不用冠词）：
1、专用名词和不可数名词前。如：China, America, Grade One, Class Two, milk, oil, water, paper, science等。
2、名词前已有作定语用的this, that, my, your, some, any等代词。如：
Go down this street.
3、复数名词表示一类人或事物时。如：
We are students. I like reading stories.
4、节日、日期、月份、季节前。如：Teachers’ Day, Children’s Day, National Day, in summer, in July等。
Today is New Year’s Day. It is Sunday. March 8 is Women’s Day.
5、在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前，尤其作表语、宾补时。如：
What’s the matter, Granny? We elected him monitor.
6、在某些习惯用语中的名词前。如：at noon, at night, at first, at last, at most, at least, by bus(train, air, sea), in bed, in time, in front of, go to school, go to bed, go to college, on foot, at table, in ink, in pencil等。
7、在三餐饭和球类运动前。如：
She goes to school after breakfast every morning.
We are going to play football.
We usually have lunch at school.
8、科目前不加。如：
We learn Chinese, maths, English and some other subjects.
【专项训练】：
1、 We can’t live without air.
A．an B．× C．the D．some
2、——Have you seen pen? I left it here this morning.
——Is it black one? I think I saw it somewhere.
A．a; the B．the; the C．the; a D．a; a
3、I’ve been waiting for him for hour and half.
A．×; × B．the; a C．a; the D．an; a
4、What fine weather we have today!
A．a B．× C．some D．an
5、Have you ever seen as tall as this one?
A．a tree B．such tree C．an tree D．tree
6、Children usually go to school at age of six.
A．×; the B．a; an C．the; × D．the; the
7、 Himalayas is highest mountain in world.
A．×; the;× B．The; the; the C．A; a; a D．×;×;×
8、They each have __book. Li Hua’s is about writer. Wang Lin’s is on science.
A．a; a; × B．the; ×; the C．×; the; × D．a; the; a
9、 Physics is science of matter and energy.
A．The; × B．×; × C．×; the D．A; a
10、 sun rises in east and sets in west.
A．A; an; a B．The;×;× C．The; the; the D．A; the; a
11、Many people agree that__knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.
A．a;× B．the; an C．the; the D．×; the
12、 __Mr. Jones called while you were out (neither of us knows this man). He was in bad temper.
A．×;a B．A;× C．The; the D．A; a
13、They were at dinner then. It was delicious one.
A．a; the B．×;× C．×;a D．a; a
14、what kind of car do you want to buy?
A．× B．the C．a D．an
15、Alice is fond of playing piano while Henry is interested in listening to music.
A．×; the B．×;× C．the; × D．the; the
16、Beyond stars, the astronaut saw nothing but space.
A．the; × B．×; the C．×;× D．the; the
17. We can never expect bluer sky unless we create less polluted world. 2
A. a; a B. a; the 21世纪教育网
C. the; a D. the; the 21世纪教育网
18. The biggest whale is ___ blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters long—the height of ____ 9-story building. 21世纪教育网
A. the; the B. a; a C. a; the D. the; a 21世纪教育网
19. Some people fear that ________ air pollution may bring about changes in _______ weather around the world. 21世纪教育网
A. /; the B. the; / C. an; the D. the; a 21世纪教育网
20. Let’s go to cinema-that’ll take your mind off the problem for while
A. the; the B. the; a
C. a; the D. a ; a
21.What pity that you couldn’t be there to receive prize!
A. a; a B. the; a C. a; the D. the; the
22. In order to find _______ better job, he decided to study _________ second foreign language. 21世纪教育网
A. the; a B. a; a C. the; the D. a; the 21世纪教育网
23.I don’t understand what the engineer means, but I’ve got ______ rough idea of _____ project plan.
A. the; a B. 不填; the C. the; 不填 D. a; the
24. Washing machines made by China have won worldwide attention and Haier has become popular name.
A. a; the B. /; a 21世纪教育网
C. /; the D. the; a 21世纪教育网
25,What I need is book that contains ABC of oil painting.
A. a; 不填 B. the; 不填 C. the; an D. a; the 21世纪教育网
【总结提高】：
请从课本或报刊中抄写五个含有冠词典型用法的句子，并标明用法。
第二节 名词
知识要点：
（一）、名词的种类：
1、专有名词：
1）China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack（不加冠词）
2）the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the People’s Republic of China, the United States等。（由普通名词构成的专有名词，要加定冠词。）
2、普通名词
1）不可数名词
注意：?不可数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：若加a(an)则使之具体化了。 如：have a wonderful time.
‚不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
ƒ不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形式。
如：fishes, newspapers, waters, snows……
| | | |
各种各样的鱼 各种报纸 河湖、海水 积雪
„有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的具体的事物。如：times时代，works著作，difficulties困难
…在表数量时，常用“of”词组来表示。如：a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper….
2）可数名词：
?可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外，一般都要加冠词：A bird
The frog is a kind of hibernating animal.
Vegetables sold at this shop are usually fresh.
‚有复数形式：
a）规则变化——加“s”或“es”（与初中同，略）
b）不规则变化——child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men),
woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen),
phenomenon(phenomena)…
注意：
c）单、复数同形：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish（同一种鱼）……。如，a sheep, two sheep
d）只用复数形式：thanks, trousers, goods, clothes, socks, shoes,…
e）形复实单：physics, politics, maths, news, plastics（塑料），means.
f）形单实复：people (人民，人们)，the police, cattle等
g）集合名词如：family, public, group, class等。当作为整体时，为单数；当作为整体中的各个成员时，为复数。如： My family is a big one. My family are music lovers.
h）复合名词变复数时，(a)只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如：sister(s)-in-law嫂子，弟妹；step-son (s)继子；editor (s) -in-chief总编辑。 (b)如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如：grown-up(s)成年人，go-between(s)中间人 (c）woman, man作定语时，要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如：a man servant—men servants, a woman doctor—women doctors
（二）、名词的所有格：
1、表有生命的东西（人或动物）的名词所有格，一般在名词后加“’s”。如：Mike’s bag, Children’s Day, my brother’s room, women’s rights…
注意：
1）名词复数的词尾是-s或-es，它的所有格只在词后加“’”。如：Teachers’ Day, the workers’ rest-home（工人疗养院），the students’ reading-room
2）复合名词的所有格，在后面的词后加“’s”。如：her son-in-law’s photo（她女婿的照片）；anybody else’s book（其他任何人的书）
3）如果一样东西为两人或两人以上共有，则在最后的一个名词后面加“’s”； 如果不是共有，则每个词后都要加“’s”。如：Jane and Helen’s room. 珍妮和海伦的房间（共有）. Bill’s and Tom’s radios. 比尔的收音机和汤姆的收音机（不共有）
4）表地点（店铺，某人的家等）的名词所有格后面，一般省去它所修饰的名词。如：the tailor’s (裁缝铺) the doctor’s (诊所) Mr Brown’s (布朗先生的家)
5）有些表时间、距离、国家、城镇的无生命的名词，也可加“’s”表所有格。
如：half an hour’s walk (半小时的路程) China’s agriculture (中国的农业)
2、表示无生命的东西的名词一般与of构成词组，表示所有格。如：the cover of the book
3、表示有生命的东西的名词也可以用of，特别是名词较长，有较多的定语时。如：
the story of Dr Norman Bethune
Do you know the name of the boy standing at the gate?
4、“of词组+所有格”的用法：
在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词（如：a, two, some, a few, this, that, these, those等）时，常用“of词组+所有格”的形式来表示所有关系。如：
a friend of my father’s 我父亲的一位朋友。
some inventions of Edison’s 爱迪生的一些发明
those exercise-books of the students’ 学生们的那些练习本。
【专项训练】：
1、There are only twelve in the hospital.
A．woman doctors B．women doctors
C．women doctor D．woman doctor
2、Mr Smith has two , both of whom are teachers in a school.
A．brothers-in-law B．brother-in-laws
C．brothers-in-laws D．brothers-in law
3、——How many does a cow have?
——Four.
A．stomaches B．stomach C．stomachs D．stomachies
4、Some visited our school last Wednesday.
A．German B．Germen C．Germans D．Germens
5、The of the building are covered with lots of .
A．roofs; leaves B．rooves; leafs C．roof; leaf D．roofs; leafs
6、When the farmer returned home he found three missing.
A．sheeps B．sheepes C．sheep D．sheepies
7、That was a fifty engine.
A．horse power B．horses power
C．horse powers D．horses powers
8、My father often gives me .
A．many advice B．much advice C．a lot of advices D．a few advice
9、Mary broke a while she was washing up.
A．tea cup B．a cup of tea C．tea’s cup D．cup tea
10、Can you give us some about the writer?
A．informations B．information
C．piece of informations D．pieces information
11、I had a cup of and two pieces of this morning.
A．teas; bread B．teas; breads
C．tea; breads D．tea; bread
12、As is known to us all, travels much faster than .
A．lights; sounds B．light; sound
C．sound; light D．sounds; lights
13、She told him of all her and .
A．hope; fear B．hopes; fear
C．hopes; fears D．hope; fears
14、The rising did a lot of to the crops.
A．water; harm B．water; harms
C．waters; harm D．waters; harms
15、——How far away is it from here to your school?
——It’s about .
A．half an hour’s drive B．half hours drives
C．half an hour drives D．half an hour drive
16．（09安徽）China has got a good for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.
A. reputation B. influence
C. impression D. knowledge
17．（09福建）The World Health Organization gave a warning to the public without any when the virus of H1N1 hit Mexico in April, 2009.
A. delay B. effort C. schedule D. consideration
18．（09湖北）Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health. It may also be good for ______ building.
A. respect B. friendship C. reputation D. character
19.（09湖北）In our class, when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book, it was a ______ for everyone to stand up.
A. signal B. chance C. mark D. measure
20.（09江西） The ____________ shoes were covered with mud, so I asked them to take them off before they got into __________ car.
A. girl’s; Tom’s B. girls’; Toms’ C. girls’; Tom’s D. girl’s; Toms’ K5u
21.（09海南） Encourage your children to try new things, but try not to them too hard.
A. draw B. strike
C. rush D. push
22.（09山东）-------He says that my new car is a ____________ of money.
-------Don’t you think those words are just sour grapes?
A. lack B. load C. question D. waste
23. （09陕西）Form their ________ on the top of the TV Tower, visitors can have a better view of the city.
A. stage B. position C. condition D. situation
24.（09天津）I’m trying to break the _______ of getting up too late .
A. tradition B. convenience C. habit D. Leisure
25. （09浙江）The system has been designed to give students quick and easy ______ to the digital resources of the library.
A. access B. passage C. way D. approach
【自我总结提高】：
第三节 主谓一致
知识要点：
在英语的句子中，谓语动词的形式应与主语的人称和数保持一致。如何判定，则要看句子的意思。多数情况下，根据句子的主语形式就能判定，但有的则要看整句的意思，及强调的内容。下面我们就常用的、易混的几种情况作一下解释。
1、以单数名词或代词、不定式、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：
1）The book is on the table.
2）To work hard is necessary.（It is necessary to work hard.）
3）How you get there is a problem.
2、复数主语跟复数动词。如：Children like to play toys.
3、在倒装句中，动词的数应和它后面的主语的数一致。如以here,there开头，be 动词与后面第一个名词一致。如：
1）There is a dog near the door.
2）There were no schools in this area before liberation.
3）On the wall were two famous paintings.
4）Here is Mr Brown and his children.
4、and连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，谓语动词用复数。如果主语后跟有with, together with, except, but, perhaps , like, including, as well as, no less than, more than, rather than等引起的短语，谓语动词仍与短语前的主语的形式保持一致。如：
1）Jane, Mary and I are good friends.
2）He and my father work in the same factory.
3）His sister, no less than you, is wrong.
4）The father, rather than the brothers, is responsible for the accident.
5）He, like you and Xiao Liu is very diligent.
6）Every picture except these two has been sold.
7）Alice with her parents often goes to the park on Sundays.
8）Alice as well as her friends was invited to the concert.
5、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数，and后面的名词没有冠词。如：
1）The writer and worker is coming to our school tomorrow.这位工人作家明天要来我们学校。
2）Bread and butter is their daily food. 面包和黄油是他们每日的食品。
3）The writer and the worker are coming to our school tomorrow.那位作家和那位工人明天将来我们学校。
6、and连接的并列单数名词前如有each, every, no, many a修饰时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：
1）Every boy and girl has been invited to the party.所有的孩子都被邀请参加这次聚会。
2）No teacher and no student is absent today.今天没有老师和学生缺席。
3）Many a student is busy with their lessons.许许多多的学生都忙着复习他们的功课。
7、each, either, one, another, the other, neither作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
1）Each takes a cup of tea.
2）Either is correct.
3）Neither of them likes this picture.
8、由every, some, any, no构成的合成代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
1）Is everyone here?
2）Nothing is to be done. 没有什么要干的事儿了。
9、关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如：
1）Those who want to go please sign their names here.
2）Anyone who is against this opinion may speak out.
3）He is one of the students who were praised at the meeting.
10、表示时间、距离、价格、度量衡等的复数名词或短语作为一个整体看待时，其谓语动词常用单数形式。如：
1）Three years is not a long time.
2）Ten dollars is what he needs.3）Five hundred miles is a long distance.
11、复数形式的专有名词作为整体看待（如人名、地点、国家、组织、书籍、报刊等），动词用单数形式。如：
1）The United States is in North America.
2）The United Nations has passed a resolution(决议)。
3）“The Arabian Nights”（《天方夜谭》）is an interesting book.
12、有些集体名词如family, team, group, class, audience（听众，观众），government等作主语时，如看作是一个整体，谓语动词则用单数形式；如强调各个成员时，谓语动词要用复数形式。如：
1）My family is going to have a long journey.我家要进行一次长途旅行。
2）My family are fond of music. 我家人都喜欢音乐。
3）The class has won the honour. 这班获得了荣誉。
4）The class were jumping for joy. 全班同学都高兴得跳了起来。
13、all, more, most, some, any, none, half, the rest等作主语时，既可表示复数意义，也可表示单数意义，谓语动词要根据实际情况而定。如：
1）All of the apple is rotten. 整个苹果都烂了。
2）All of the apples are rotten. 所有的苹果都烂了。
3）Most of the wood was used to make furniture (家具)。
14、the + 形容词（或分词）作主语时，常指一类人，谓语动词用复数形式。如指的是抽象概念，谓语动词则用单数形式。如：
1）The young are usually very active. 年轻人通常是很活跃的。
2）The wounded are being taken good care of here now. 现在伤病员们在这里受到了很好照顾。
15、or, either…or…, neither…nor…, whether…or, not only…but (also)连接的是主语，谓语动词与后一个主语一致。如：
1）Either you or I am going to the movies.
2）Not only you but also he is wrong.
16、不可数名词没有复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：
1）Water is a kind of matter.
2）The news at six o’clock is true.
17、集合名词如：people, police ,cattle等作主语，谓语动词用复数形式。如：
1）The police are searching for him.
2）The cattle are grassing (吃草)。
18、population当人口讲时，谓语动词用单数形式；当人们讲时，谓语动词用复数。如：
1）The population of China is larger than that of Japan.
2）One third of the population here are workers.
19、the number of + 名词复数，是表示“…的数字”，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；a (large / great) number of + 名词复数，表示许多，作主语时；谓语动词用复数形式。
1）The number of the students in our school is increasing year after year.
2）A number of students have gone for an outing.
20、means, politics, physics, plastics等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
【专项训练】
1、Nothing but cars in the shop.
A．is sold B．are sold C．were sold D．are going to sell
2、No one except Jack and Tom the answer.
A．know B．knows C．is knowing D．are known
3、Seventy percent of the students in our school from the countryside.
A．is B．are C．comes D．are coming
4、 of the money used up.
A．Three-five, are B．Three-fifths, have been
C．Three-fifths, has been D．Third-fifths, is
5、The number of the people who cars increasing.
A．owns, are B．owns, is C．own, is D．own, are
6、One of Marx’s works written in English in the 1860s.
A．was B．were C．would be D．are
7、The sheets for your bed washing.
A．needs B．are needing C．want D．are wanting
8、On each side of the street a lot of trees.
A．stands B．grow C．is standing D．are grown
9、Some person calling for you at the gate.
A．are B．is C．is being D．will be
10、All that can be eaten eaten up.
A．are being B．has been C．had been D．have been
11、Tom’s teacher and friend Mr. Smith.
A．are B．is C．are being D．has
12、Your new clothes fit you, but mine me.
A．doesn’t fit B．don’t fit C．doesn’t fit for D．don’t fit for
13、Neither he nor I for the plan.
A．am B．are C．is D．were
14、Many a student that mistake before.
A．has made B．have made C．has been made D．had made
15、Peter, perhaps John, playing with the little dog.
A．is B．are C．were D．seems
16、Laying eggs the ant queen’s full-time job.
A．is B．are C．has D．have
17、Between the two buildings a monument.
A．stand B．stands C．standing D．is standing
18、I, who your good friend, will share your joys and sorrow.
A．am B．is C．are D．was
19、The United Nations in 1945.
A．were found B．were founded C．was founded D．was found
20、 were also invited to the party.
A．Mr Smith B．The Smith C．The Smiths D．Smiths
21、The glass works in 1959.
A．were set up B．was set up C．were put up D．were built
22、Three hours with your girl friend to be a short time.
A．seem B．seems C．is seeming D．has seemed
23、It was reported that six including a boy.
A．was killed B．were killed C．was killing D．had killed
24、The police a prisoner.
A．is searching for B．are searching for C．is searching D．are searched for
25、Deer faster than dogs.
A．run B．runs C．are running D．will run
26、The wounded good care of here now.
A．is taken B．are being taken C．are taking D．is taking
27、The whole class greatly moved at his words.
A．was B．were C．had D．is
28、Over 80 percent of the population of China peasants.
A．was B．is C．are D．will be
29、There a knife and fork on the table.
A．seems to be B．seem to be C．is seeming to be D．are
30、Those who singing may join us.
A．are liking B．likes C．enjoy D．is fond of
31、His family music lovers.
A．all are B．are all C．is D．are being
32、A professor and a writer present at the meeting.
A．was B．is C．were D．had been
33、The pair of shoes worn out.
A．was B．were C．have been D．had been
34、The students in our school each an English dictionary.
A．have B．has C．had D．are having
35、More than one answer to the question.
A．have been given B．has been given C．were given D．had given
36、The boy sitting by the window is the only one of the students who from the countryside in our school.
A．are B．is C．were D．was
37、Our family a happy one.
A．is B．are C．was D．were
38、Most of the mistakes because of carelessness.
A．were made B．are made C．has been made D．were making
39、Most of his time in reading novels.
A．are spent B．is spent C．were spent D．was spending
40、The rest of the novel very interesting.
A．were B．are C．is D．seem
41、I know that all getting on well with her.
A．was B．is C．are D．were
42、When and where this took place still unknown.
A．are B．were C．is D．has
43、Not only the workers but also the machine not there.
A．are B．were C．is D．has
44、Very few his address in the town.
A．knows B．know C．are knowing D．has known
45、Ten thousand dollars a large sum of money.
A．are B．is C．were D．seem
46、Twenty miles a long way to cover.
A．were B．are C．is D．seem to be
47、Nine plus three twelve.
A．makes B．make C．is making D．are making
48、There are two roads and either to the station.
A．leads B．lead C．are leading D．is leading
49、My father, together with some of his old friends, there already.
A．have been B．has been C．had been D．will be
50、My family as well as I glad to see you.
A．am B．are C．is D．was
第四节 介 词
【要点点拨】
复习时要把握三点：
A. 要注意理解情景意义：同一介词可表达多种意义，同一场合意义不同则介词不同。
He hasn’t come for a month .(for 持续时间)
The day is warm for April .（for 就……而言）
B. 要突破几个关键介词in , on , at , with , by , from , of , to , for .
1 . 表示时间的：at; in ; on , since , from , to , after , within , during , throughout , towards , over , by , till ;
2 . 表示穿越的:through , across , over
3．表示地理位置的：in ; on; to ;
4． 表示原因、目的的：for ;with ; from ;
5. 表示关于的:about , concerning , regarding , with regard to , as for ,as to ;
6. 表示根据：on ; according to ;
7. in the corner ;on the corner , at the corner 的区别
8．between 和among
9．besides ;except ; but ;except for
10．in 和with
C. 要注意介词搭配，集中归纳，反复练习。
1. 固定与to 构成搭配的名词：key , answer , visit , apology , introduction ,note , etc.
2. 与on 有关的：mercy , congratulations
3. 与at有关的：angry , good , bad , clever , terrified , surprised ;
4. 与of 有关的：afraid , sure , full , tired , fond , proud , worthy , certain ;
5. 与with 有关的：angry , strict , careful , busy , poplar ;
6. 与to 有关的：next, good , polite , kind , cruel , rude , known , anxious , married , close , near , similar, due ;
7. 与for 有关的：sorry , good , free , fit , unfit , eager, anxious , hungry ;
8. 与from 有关的：far , different , free, safe , absent , tired .
【各个击破】
1.---What do you want _______ those old boxes ?
--- To put things in when I move to the new flat .
A. by B. for C. of D. with
2.Luckily , the bullet narrowly missed the captain ________ an inch .
A. by B. at C. to D. from
3.The train leaves at 6:00pm, so I have to be at the station _______ 5:30 pm.
A. until B. after C. by D. around
4.The little boy was quite alone in the world ________ an aunt in the United States .
A. except for B. except C. besides D. except that
5.________ his great surprise , his shop was robbed ________ computers .
A. To ; of B. For ; of C. From ; with D. To ; with
6.We offered him our congratulations _________ his passing the driving test .
A. at B. for C. of D. on
7. Einstein’s special theory of relativity is quite _______ me .
A. for B. beyond C. to D. against
8. How much did you pay ________ the tickets ________ tonight’s New Year Concert ?
A. for; for B. for ; to C. for ; of D. to ; for
9. He has been caught ________ the rain and is wet ________ skin .
A. by ; to B. in ; to C. in ; through D. with ; in
10. ---How long have you been like this ?
---_______ last Friday .
A. From B. Since C. In D. After
11. Besides being able to walk on for three days without drinking , camels can also live for a long time ________ small quantities of food .
A. with B. on C. by D. without
12. I’m sorry it’s ________ my power to make a final decision on the project .
A. over B. above C. off D. beyond
13. ---Did you lose the match ?
---Yes , we lost the match _______ one goal .
A. by B. at C. with D. only
14. The study you have been making ________ the living things in the ocean is an instructive job .
A. to B. for C. of D. from
15. I felt it rather difficult to take a stand ________ the opinion of the majority .
A. to B. by C. in D. against
16. ---Your daughter is tall enough ________ her age.
---Yes. I was much ________ when I was her age.
A. for ; taller B. at ; taller C. at ; shorter D. for ; shorter
17.---When will the game begin ?
---It will begin later than usual _______ ten minutes .
A. in B. on C. by D. at
18.---Is your grandma still with you ?
--- No . She still prefers to live in the countryside _________ all its disadvantages .
A. for B. except C. with D. to
19.Let’s keep in touch . You can reach me ________ this number .
A. at B. on C. from D. in
20.---Miss Li , Jack is ill , so he can’t come to school .
---Then we’ll begin our class _________ him .
A. except for B. apart from C. except D. without
21.---It’s so noisy upstairs .Peter , better go and see what they have been up ________.
---OK .
A. to B. in C. with D. for
22.---What’s your favorite sport?
---Jogging . I run _________ the river every morning .
A. around B. on C. along D. in
23._________ running , learning English needs will .
A. As with B. As to C. As for D. As if
24.________ left before the deadline , it doesn’t seem likely that he will finish the job .
A. Though such a short time B. Because such a short time
C. With such a short time D. As such a short time
25.He reminded me _______ the time _______ the meeting .
A. at ; at B . of; of C. in ; in D. at ; in
26.The sun will rise ________ about a quarter of an hour .
A. on B. in C. after D. at
27.Liu Xiang’s parents were overjoyed and burst ______ tears _______ the news of their son’s victory in the Olympic Games .
A. into ; at B. out ; for C. forth ; on D. to ; after
28.Hellen used to be a shy girl , but she has grown _______ it now.
A. without B. over C. away D. out of
29.This is the Audi car __________ she came here .
A. by which B. by that C. in which D. with which
30. My house is ________ a stone’s throw from school , so I often go to school _______ foot .
A. within ; on B. to ; by C. on ; on D. of ; with
31. We went on a picnic ________ the heavy rain .
A. although B. in spite of C. because of D. for
32. ---Can I borrow some money from you ?
--- You’re already in debt _________ me for sixty dollars .
A. to B. for C. from D. by
33.His best -known work that is ________ all praise can be seen in the museum .
A. without B. beyond C. with D. within
34.He likes his coffee with sugar ; I like mine ________.
A. not B. of no C. none D. without
35. Without a thorough grasp ________biology , a student cannot hope to study medicine .
A. in B. for C. of D. with
36.We decided to climb the mountain , but _______ second thought realized that it was too dangerous .
A. after B. on C. in D. at
37._________ success I don’t mean what is usually thought of when that word is used .
A. In B. By C. With D. For
38.Mr. Smith apologized _________ the children ________ the lady ________ what they had done .
A. for ; to ; to B. for ; to ; for C. to ; to ; for D. to ; for ; for
39.We live _______ a small river that flows ________ the Thames .
A. in ; into B. on ; into C. at ; onto D. in; onto
40.________ curiosity , I went to the customer service counter and asked why .
A. Beyond B. Besides C. Apart from D. Out of
41. Mr. Johnson goes to work very early in the morning and goes on working until late in the afternoon _________ a break at midday .
A. with B. for C. as D. through
42.The manned spacecraft “Shenhou V”,________ China greets the 21st century , marks new progress in the century’s space program.
A. for which B. from which C. in which D. with which
43. He might have been killed ________ the arrival of the police .
A. except for B. apart from C. but for D. in spite of
44. Isn’t _________ rude ______ him to talk to his mother like that ?
A. that ; for B. that ; of C. it ; for D. it ; of
45.Theory is based on practice and ______ turn serves practice .
A. on B. in C. by D. at
第五节 代 词
【要点点拨】
1、在定语从句中，当先行词是代词he / she / those / anyone等时，从句的引导词指人时用
who, 指物时用that。
e.g. Those who know the answer can go on with the other exercises.
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
Anything that benefits the people will be accepted.
2、all ( both, every, each)…… not = not all ( both, every, each) 构成部分否定，他们的全部否定分别是：none, neither, no one ( nothing)
e.g. Not all the students could understand his explanation.
Each child can not go to school in the mountain village.
3、 含有else的所有格有以下几种表示法：somebody else’s, anybody else’s, nobody else’s ; who else’s = whose else
4、不定代词作主语，代词可用：it（指物） 、he（指人） 、they（指人、物）
e.g. Everyone knows how to do it, doesn’t he/ don’t they?
4、 all 作主语时的数：代替可数名词，是复数；代替不可数名词，是单数；作“所…的一切”解释时，不可数，动词用单数。
5、 反身代词：by oneself: 亲自、独自、自动地； of oneself: 自动地； be oneself: 身体好 help oneself (to…): 自助、自己拿……； in itself: 本质上、就其本身而言。
e.g. The man is too old to live by himself. / The door closed of itself.
I’m not quite myself today. / The question in itself is not very difficult.
6. 用人称代词简略回答时，要用人称代词的宾格。
e.g. ---- Who is knocking at the door? ---- Me, Tom.
7. The rest、The remainder作主语时，谓语动词取决于它们所替代的名词。
e.g. I have read half of the book. The rest is to be finished in a week.
Several people were saved, but the remainder were still inside the burning house.
区别以下几组词：
1、none, nothing, no one(nobody)
none：（指三个以上之中）没有任何（人、物），常用来否定回答以How many/ How much…?引起的疑问句。可以后接介词短语of…；作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可以用复数。
e.g. ---- How many sheep did you see on the hill? ---- None.
---- Please give me some ink. ---- Sorry, there is none(no ink) left.
None of the students could answer the question, which made the teacher disappointed
nothing：（视为单数）没什么，无事
e.g. After the fire, nothing was left on the hills.
Nothing did he say and he went home silently.
no one= nobody：没有一个人，只能指人，是单数，常用来否定回答Who…?的疑问句，后面不可接of介词短语。
e.g. ---- Who broke the window? ---- No one. It broke of itself.
2、it / they， one / ones， the one / the ones ，that / those
it / they：用来指前面所提及的名词本身，起替代作用，避免重复；
e.g. He bought a pen. It cost him 50 yuan. / He has two brothers. They are both workers.
one / ones：用来指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个，是泛指; 还可以泛指人。
e.g. ---- Do you have a camera? ---- No, but my father has one.
A chair made of iron is usually heavier than one made of wood.
One can not be too careful when crossing the road.
the one / the ones：用来特指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个。
e.g. ---- I’m looking for a pen. ---- How do you like the one in the box?
---- Who are the boys? ---- You mean the ones playing basketball?
that / those： “that” 用来替代前面出现过的可数名词单数= the one或不可数名词，以避免重复；“those” 用来替代前面出现过的可数名词复数= the ones，以避免重复。
e.g. The price of a pen is often higher than that of a pencil.
The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shanghai.
The students in Class Two are more hard-working than those(the ones) in Class One.
3、some / any, everybody / anybody
习惯上，some和everybody用于肯定句，any和 anybody用于疑问、否定句。
但当some用于疑问句时，表示对所涉及的名词持肯定态度，everybody用于疑问句时，译为“大家、每个人”。 e.g. Is everybody pleased with the show?
试比较：Do you have any water? (对water持怀疑态度)
---- Do you like some more water? ---- No, thanks. (对water持肯定态度)
any和anybody也可以用于肯定句。当它们用于肯定句时，有很强的强调口气。
e.g. ---- When shall we meet again? ---- Any time you like.
Anybody here knows how to treat a stranger.
4、 who / whoever , what / whatever , which / whichever, whom / whomever
who / what / which/ whom是疑问词，引起的句子具有疑问色彩；whoever / whatever / whichever /whomever 是代词，并不引起疑问句，而用来引导名词性从句或让步状语从句。
e.g. Who will teach us English is still unknown.
Whoever did it will be punished. / Whoever did it, he will be punished.
What would you do if you had that sum of money? / Whatever you do, do it well.
5、other / others; the other / the others ; another
other：作代词时，一般不单独使用，而必须与any, some, no 等连用。
e.g. He is no other but Tom. / These are all we have, we have no other(s).
others：常与some连用，表示：一些……其它的……。
e.g. Some people like fishing, some like boating, others skating.
the other: 与one连用，构成词组：one…the other：指两者中“一个……另一个……”
the others: 指在一定范围中的“其余的”。
e.g. In our class some students are good at maths, some are good at Chinese, the others are good at physics.
another: 是形容词，“另一个、在一个”，一般作定语，既可以修饰单数名词，又可以修饰复数名词，还可以修饰数词。
e.g. We stayed in New York for another three weeks. / Please have another apple.
当another修饰单数名词时，在上下文意思明确的情况下，可以把名词省略，这时another起代词作用。
e.g. After eating an apple, I had another (one).
6、all ; both ; each ; every ; either
all：指三者或三者以上的所有，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。
both：指“两者都”，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。
each：“每一个”，一般指两者中的每一个，也可指许多中的每一个；可以作形容词修饰名词单数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。
e.g. There are trees on each side / both sides of the river.
Each of us has a chance to go to university.
We each have a dictionary.
every：指三者或三者以上中的每一个，是形容词，只能作定语，后面不能接of介词短语。
either：指“两者中一个”或“两者中无论哪一个”，可以作形容词修饰名词单数，作代词作主语、宾语；后可接of介词短语。
e.g. If you keep still, you can sit on either end of the boat.
I don’t like either of them. Do you have any other blouse?
【各个击破】
1. ---- Do you want tea or coffee?
---- _____ . I really don’t mind.
A. Both B. None C. Either D. Neither
2. I read about it in some book or other, does it matter ______ it was?
A. where B. what C. how D. which
3. ---- You’re always working. Come on, let’s go shopping.
---- _______ you ever want to do is going shopping.
A. Anything B. Something C. All D. That
4. The boss decided to dismiss two workers: ________ .
A. you and Tom B. I and you C. Mary and I D. she and you
5. I don’t care for ______ of the hats. Would you show me a third one?
A. all B. none C. either D. both
6. I now do not accept ______ that is offered to me, I only choose those useful.
A. anything B. any C. whatever D. everything
7. A school is an exciting place, ____ in which new talents are being discovered every day.
A. and B. that C. there D. one
8. ---- How much vinegar did you put in the salad?
---- I’m sorry to say, _______. I forgot.
A. no B. nothing C. no one D. none
9. ---- Is this umbrella yours?
---- No, mine is here. It must be ________.
A. someone’s B. someone’s else C. someone else’s D. someone’s else’s
10.Our feelings were ___________ .
A. the same as they B. same as theirs C. same as they D. the same as theirs
11. You can reach the town ______ road you take.
A. whatever B. what C. whichever D. which
12. ______ who wish to go swimming may sign up here.
A. Any person B. Those C. Anyone D. These
13. Now that the new machines have been bought, _____ will you do with the old _____ ?
A. how ; ones B. how ; one C. what ; one D. what ; ones
14. The thieves ran away separately, _____ carrying a bag.
A. all B. each C. every D. either
15. ---- Did anybody ask for me during my absence?
---- Yes, ______ called Black asked to see you.
A. he B. it C. one D. that
16．（09北京）The wine industry in the area has developed in a special way, ____ little foreign ownership.
A. by B. of C. with D. from
17.（09北京）Being a parent is not always easy, and being the parent of a child with special needs often carries with ___extra stress.
A. it B. them C. one D. him
18.（09山东）. I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldn’t face ________ day like that.
A. other B. another C. the other D. others
19.（09陕西）. Jane was asked a lot of questions, but she didn’t answer of them.
A. other B. any C. none D. some
20.（09上海） －Wow! You’ve got so many clothes.
－But _____ of them are in fashion now .
A. all B. both C. neither D. none
21.（09四川）I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don’t have enough money to buy__________.
A. one B. it C. this D. that
22.（09浙江）－I’ve read another book this week.
－Well, maybe _____ is not how much you read but what you read that counts.
A. this B. that C. there D. it
23.（09全国2卷）Charles was alone at home, with looking after him.
A. someone B. anyone C. not one D. no one
24（09全国2 ）The CDs are on sale! Buy one and you get completely free.
A. other B. others C. one D. ones
25（09重庆）Over the past 20 years, the Internet helped change our world in way or another for the better.
A. anyB. one C. every D. either
26（09江苏）. Nine in ten parents said there were significant differences in their approach to educating their children compared with __ of their parents.
A. those B. one C. both D. that
第六节 形容词和副词
【要点点拨】
一: 形容词
1． 作定语
1). 多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：
限定词（冠词、指示代词、人称代词、数词等）＋描绘性形容词（beautiful, interesting…）＋大小、长短、高低＋形状＋年龄、新旧＋颜色＋国籍、地区、出处＋材料性质＋用途、类别＋名词中心词。
a charming big round new black French wooden writing desk
the man’s first two interesting little red French oil paintings
2) 定语后置
A）形容词短语作定语
a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high
B）表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive等）作定语，定语后置。如a child asleep, the greatest man alive
C） 修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时 eg. Is there anything interesting in today’s newspaper?
D）else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。What else do you know?
E）enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置，但修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。
2. 作表语
1)系表结构。 与系动词 be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep. smell，taste，sound，turn，remain , go, come, stay, stand, run, prove等连用
2)表语形容词。常见的有以a-起首的afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive以及well , ill(生病) ，fond, sorry, unable, worth, glad, sure 等
注意：以a-起首的词除了作后置定语外还作补语。eg. Keep the fish alive
修饰以a-开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quite alone, very much alone, wide awake, fast / sound asleep, very much afraid
3. 作状语
形容词或形容词短语表示伴随状况、原因、结果等。例如：
He went to bed, cold and hungry.
Afraid of troubles，he would not accept the duty.
4. 复合形容词
1）形容词 + 名词 + ed kind-hearted好心的，fair-haired金发的
2)形容词 + 形容词 red-hot炽热的，dark-blue深蓝的
3）形容词 + 现在分词 good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的
4）副词 + 现在分词 hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的
5）副词 + 过去分词 hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的
6）名词 + 形容词 life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的
7）名词 + 现在分词 peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的
8）名词 + 过去分词 snow-covered白雪覆盖的，hand-made手工的
9）数词 + 名词 + ed four-storeyed 4层楼的，three-legged 3条腿的
10）数词 + 名词（名词用单数） ten-year 10年的,two-man两人的
二：副词
1．频度副词如often, always, usually, sometimes, seldom, never, rarely, frequently, occasionally等在be动词、助动词、情态动词后，行为动词前。eg.
We usually go shopping once a week./ He is always ready to help others.
2. 多个副词同时出现的顺序
方式副词＋地点副词＋时间副词 / 小的时间/地点＋大的时间/地点
三：比较形容词和副词.
1. 形容词＋ly, 有时会构成意义完全不同的副词
hard(困难的)—hardly（几乎不） dead(死的)—deadly(致命的)
late(晚的)—lately(最近) fair(公平的)—fairly(相当)
２．注意：有些副词有两种形式，一个与形容词同形，一个以 ly结尾，但它们的含义是不同的．例如：
l) close接近地closely仔细地，密切地
2) free免费地freely自由地，无拘束地
3) hard努力地hardly几乎不
4) late晚，迟lately近来
5) most极，非常mostly主要地
6) wide广阔地，充分地widely广泛地
7) high高highly高度地，非常地
8) deep深，迟deeply抽象意义的“深”
9) loud大声地loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)
10) near邻近nearly几乎
３.以-ly结尾的形容词：lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、manly、timely等。eg. （×） He spoke to me very friendly.（∨） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
四：比较级和最高级
1. 构成 ：
大部分双音节词、加后缀构成的词（如slowly, useful）、源于分词的形容词（如tired）、所有的多音节词，加more构成比较级，加the most构成最高级， 副词的最高级可省去the.请注意：作表语的形容词最高级前，如果不是和别人、他物相比，常不加the.
eg. We are busiest on Monday.
2．修饰比较级、最高级的程度词
1) even / still / rather
much / far/ a lot/ a great deal ＋比较级
a little/ a bit
We are working still harder now. 现在我们工作更加努力。
2) 数词+ 名词＋比较级
eg. He is two inches taller than his father.
他比他爸爸高两英寸。(或说He is taller than his father by two inches. )
She could not take a step further. 她一步也不能走了。
3) 比较级＋by far
在前面，应在二者中间加“ the”．如: He is taller by far than his brother.
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
4) the second/ third ＋最高级
by far
3. 无比较级和最高级的形容词
有些形容词本身含义无程度差别,因此没有比较级和最高级．常见的有：right, wrong, perfect, possible, impossible, mistaken, dead, favourite等。这些词不能被程度副词修饰，但可以被quite(完全地)，completely等修饰。eg. quite right/ impossible， completely dead.
4. 和冠词连用
the ＋形容词原级＋v(复)，指一类人或物
the ＋ 形容词比较级，指两者中“较…的”的那一个，eg. the younger of the two
a/ an ＋形容词比较级eg. The pen is expensive. I want a cheaper one.
( a) ＋most＋形容词最高级 “非常…” eg. a most beautiful city
5. 相关结构
1) 原级比较：肯定句 as….as…., 否定句not so / as….as…..
2) 比较句： 比较级 ＋than….或more (less) ….than…..
The furniture in this shop is less beautiful than that in that shop.(注意代词that的用法)
3) 比较级＋ and＋比较级 或 more and more＋比较级 “越来越… ”
richer and richer, more and more interesting
4) The more….., the more…..“越…， 越…”
The more you look at the picture, the better you will like it.
5) 比较级＋than any other ＋n. （单） （适用于范围一致时）
(all) other ＋n.（复）
any ＋n.(单) （适用于范围不一致时）
He is taller than any other student / all other students in his class.
any student in my class.
6) 倍数表达法。
A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.
A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.
A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.
用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.
The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高三倍）。
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。
Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。
7) more…than…结构，其意往往是…rather than…，可译为“是……而不是……”或颠倒词序译作“与其说是……，不如说是……”。
That little girl is more tired than hungry. 那个小姑娘是累了而不是饿了。
She is more a mother than a wife或She is more of a mother than a wife.
她是贤妻，更是良母。
8) A is to B what C is to D A和B的关系就像C和D的关系
Air is to man what water is to fish. 空气 对于人类就像水和鱼的关系。
9) no more than= only “只不过”，言其少
not more than=at most “不多于”，“至少”，指事实。
no more …than… 和…一样不… 如单音节使用比较级形式
not more…than… 不比…更…
no less than= as much as “多达”
no fewer than= as many as
eg. I have no more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱只不过5元。
I have not more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱不多于5元。
He is no richer than I.他和我一样穷。
He is no less determined than you. 他的决心不亚于你。(no less determined than等于“其决心不亚于你”，言其大)
He is not less determined than you. 他的决心不比你小。(not less determined than等于“其决心不小于”，无言其大或小的含义)
10) 最高级＋of/ in/ among….
He is the tallest of the three/ among them/ in his class.
五．相关词语辨析
1.very 和much
A）very修饰形容词、副词的原级；,much修饰比较级； 修饰动词用much或very much ,eg. I very like English.(×),应改为：I like English very much.
B)表示状态的过去分词前用very。a very frightened boy, a very tired child .一般的情况下，以-ing、-ed结尾的分词多用much、very much / greatly等修饰。如：We were greatly /much shocked by the news about Tom..
C)已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如：very interesting / worrying / exciting
D）too前用much/ far ,不用very。You are much / far / a lot too nice.另外，在too many / much, too few / little前用far。 We’ve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.
E)还有修饰词既不用very,也不用much. eg. be well worth doing, be well above the tree
2. so和such
A)so … that … 与such … that … 的区别。
so + 形容词 / 副词 + that …
so + 形容词 + a（n）+ 单数可数名词 + that …
so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that …
such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that …
such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that …
such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that …
注意： 但当little表示“小”时用such。如：These are such little boys that they can’t dress themselves.下列so的用法是错误的：so a difficult problem,so difficult problems, so hot weather。
B) some/ any/ every/ no/ each/ all/ another/ several/ few/ many/ one/ two +such+n. eg. no such word
3. be too much + n.
be much too+ adj.
be too much for sb. 对…太过分了
4. can’t be too +adj.= can’t be +adj.+ enough “无论…都不为过”
You can never be careful enough.= You can never be too careful.你越小心越好。
【各个击破】
1. John told me that _____ nothing important have ever happened.
A. hardly B. rarely C. nearly D. almost
2. ---Why don’t you like the shirt?
---Its neck is not big for me at all. Have you got a shirt of this kind with _____ neck?
A. the biggest B. a far bigger C. by far the biggest D. a more bigger
3. ---The temperature today is 10℃ below zero.
---Oh, it’s ____cold.
A. the most B. the more C. most D. much more
4. ---Do you think him naughty enough?
---I’m afraid he’s ___than naughty.
A. more clever B. clever C. much clever D. much more clever
5. Exercise is _____as any other to lose unwanted weight.
A. so useful a way B. as a useful way C. as useful a way D. such a useful way
6. ---What’s wrong? You seem restless.
---I was reduced to paying ____ price for it.
A. double the B. double of the C. double D. double of
7. _____, the boys were shouting and singing.
A. Happy and excited B. Happily and excitedly
C. To be happy and excited D. To be happily and excitedly
8. I’m glad to say that he’s already finished _____50% of the book in these three days.
A. no less than B. no more than C. not more than D. much less than
9. I’ll get there by six, if______.
A. not sooner B. no sooner C. not more quickly D. no quick
10. The US is about the same size as China, but its population is five times ____.
A. as little B. smaller C. as few D. fewer
11. ----Is this ____book?
---- Yes, it’s ___what I’m after.
A. the very; just B. the just; exactly C. a very; just D. the right; only
12. He has given up drinking. He drinks ______.
A. never again B. not any more C. no more D. once again
13. He hurried away, _____to meet his old friend.
A. looking forward B. hoped C. anxiously D. eager
14. Everything was very expensive. I didn’t buy ____fruit, but I’ve got some _____apples.
A. any; big red B. any; red big C. much; big red D. some ; red big
15. ---Are you going to the football game?
---No, the tickets are ____expensive for me.
A. very much B. so much C. far too D. highly
16. We’ll have to wait a ____two weeks to know the examination result.
A. other B. further C. another D. more
17. The little town has now grown into a modern big city, and is ___ what it used to be.
A. twice the size than B. two times the size as C. twice the size as D. twice the size of
18. The living carried away the dead and the healthy helped ____.
A. the ill B. the wounded C. the brave D. the rich
19. He likes going fishing. He usually uses a ______.
A. bamboo long fishing pole B. long bamboo fishing pole
C. pole long bamboo and fishing D. bamboo fishing long pole
20. He was the _____at that moment.
A. only awake person B. only person awake
C. awake only person D. person only awake
21. I think his suggestion is ____ bad, and that of yours is_____ good.
A. fairly too; rather B. rather too; fairly C. fairly; rather too D. rather; fairly too
22. Would you be ___ to tell me he time by your watch?
A. so kind B. kind enough C. enough kind D. very kind
23. The winners are _____children brought up in the country.
A. almost B. mostly C. most D. nearly
24. The technical college education is playing an important part today and its role will be ____ important.
A. no less B. no more C. none the less D. not more
25. A few weeks spent in traveling can be just ______classes in school.
A. a part of one’s education useful as B. as a useful part of one’s education as
C. part of one’s education as useful D. a part of one’s education as useful as
26. ______, the thief didn’t take anything valuable but my notebook.
A. Strange it is B. To be strange C. Strangely enough D. It was strange
27. His attitude towards me proved ________.
A. well B. warmly C. friendly D. nicely
28. She is ______than her younger sister.
A. less richer B. not more rich C. less rich D. not rich
29. ---What do you think of the plan?
---I feel ___that we ought to give it up at once.
A. strong B. stronger C. strongly D. it strong
30. ---Did you enjoy the movie last night?
---Yes, I didn’t expect it ______ wonderful.
A. more B. as C. most D. much
31.（09安徽）-- Do you think it's a good idea to make friends with your students?
-- , I do. I think it's a great idea.
A. Really B. Obviously
C. Actually D. Generally
32.（09福建）. It seems that living green is easy and affordable. A small step makes a big difference.
A. exactly B. fortunately C. surprisingly D. hardly
33.（09湖北）3. As there is less and less coal and oil, scientists are exploring new ways of making use of ______ energy, such as sunlight, wind and water for power and fuel.
A. primary B. alternative C. instant D. unique
34.（09湖北）4. The questionnaire takes ______ ten to fifteen minutes to complete and can be used along with the assessment interview.
A. mainly B. punctually C. approximately D. precisely
35.（09湖南）5．I can be a teacher. I’m not a very patient person.
A. seldom B. ever C. never D. always
36.（09江西）6. Frank put the mediocre in the top drawer to make sure it would not be_______ to the kids.
A. accessible B. relative C. acceptable D. sensitive
37.（09海南）7. How much she looked without her glasses!
A. well B. good
C. best D. better
38.（09四川）8. My uncle’s house in the downtown area is much smaller than ours , but it is twice _______ expensive .
A. as B. so C. too D. very
39.（09天津）9. It was a nice house, but _______ too small for a family of live.
A. rarely B. fairly C. rather D. pretty
40.（09天津）10. I’m not surprised that he became a writer. Even as a child he had a _____ imagination.
A. clear B. cautious C. funny D. vivid
41.（09浙江）11．The incomes of skilled workers went up. ______, unskilled workers saw their earnings fall.
A. Moreover B. Therefore C. Meanwhile D. Otherwise
42.（09浙江）13．In the good care of the nurses, the boy is ______ recovering from his heart operation.
A. quietly B. actually C. practically D. gradually
43.（09全国2 ）14 . The children loved their day trip, and they enjoyed the horse ride .
A. most B. more C. less D. little
44.（09全国2 ）15. I’m sure that your letter will get attention. They know you’re waiting for the reply.
A. continued B. immediate C. careful D. general
45.（09全国2 ）16. It’s high time you had your hair cut ; it’s getting .
A. too much long B. much too long C. long too much D. too long much
46.（09江苏） Compared with his sister, Jerry is even more to, and more easily troubled by , emotional and relationship problems.
A. skeptical B. addicted C. available D. sensitive
英语语法第1---6节巩固练习题
名 词
08高考题
1（安徽卷）24. To save some of the human languages before they are forgotten, the students in our school started a discussion “Save Our ________”
A. Sky B. Life C. Arts D. Voices
2（福建卷）32. What’s the _____ of having a public open space where you can’t eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while?
A. sense B. matter C. case D. opinion
3（江苏卷）25. —I can’t repair these until tomorrow, I’m afraid.
—That’s OK, there’s ______.
A. no problem B. no wonder C. no doubt D. no hurry
4（江苏卷）28. —Why do you suggest we buy a new machine?
—Because the old one has been damaged ______.
A. beyond reach B. beyond repair
C. beyond control D. beyond description
5（山东卷）34. I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale; it was a real ______.
A. exchange B. bargain C. trade D. business
6（江西卷）27. ---Shall we go out for a walk?
--- Sorry. This is not the right ____ to invite me. I am too tired to walk.
A. moment situation C. place D. chance
7（浙江卷）15. Dogs have a very good ______ of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake.
A. sense B. view C. means D. idea
8（湖北卷）22. The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly______
A. atmosphere B. state C. situation D. phenomenon
9（天津卷）11. Most air pollution is caused by the burning of ____ like coal, gas and oil.
A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products
07高考题
1. My morning ______ includes jogging in the park and reading newspapers over breakfast. [上海卷]
A. drill B. action C. regulation D. routine
2. I can’t say which wine is beat—it’s a (n) __________ of personal taste. [山东卷]
A．affair B．event C．matter D．variety
3. The practice of hanging clothes across the street is a common ______in many parts of the city. [安徽卷]
A. look B. sign C. sight D. appearance
4. —You are always full of . Can you tell me the secret? [福建卷]
—Taking plenty of exercise every day.
A. power B. strength C. force D. energy
5. Despite such a big difference in towards what one eats, there is no doubt that people in the west regard the Chinese food as something special. [湖北卷]
A. point B. idea C. attitude D. sight
6. AIDS control and prevention is a to China as well as the whole world．[上海]
A．surprise B．challenge C．reaction D．threat
7. He and his wife are of the same ;they both want their son to go to college. [陕西卷]
A. soul B. spirit C. heart D. mind
8. One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but would help cover my living ___ [ 天津卷]
A. bills B. expenses C. prices D. charges
9. Of the seven days in the a week, Saturday is said to be the most popular ____ for a wedding in some countries. [浙江卷]
A. way B. situation C. event D. choice
10. Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and a __ of exercise. [辽宁卷]
A. limit B. lack C. need D. demand
11. It is reported that the floods have left about ______ people homeless. [浙江卷]
A. two thousand B. two-thousands
C. two thousands D. two thousands of
主谓一致
08高考题
01、(08上海春卷’ 43) Every ton of this recycled paper uses 90 litres of water in its ________
A. structure B. manufacture C. construction D. organization
02、(08天津卷11)Most air pollution is caused by the burning of ____ like coal, gas and oil.
A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products
03、(08山东卷)I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale; it was a real ______.
A. exchange B. bargain C. trade D. business
04、(08江西卷’27)---Shall we go out for a walk?
--- Sorry. This is not the right ___ to invite me. I am too tired to walk.
A. moment B. situation C. place D. chance
05、(08安徽卷’24) To save some of the human languages before they are forgotten, the students in our school started a discussion “Save Our _____”
A. Sky B. Life C. Arts D. Voices
06、(08浙江卷’15)Dogs have a very good ____ of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake.
A. sense B. view C. means D. idea
07、(08湖北卷’21)The young man made a ______ to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation.
A. prediction B. promise C. plan D. contribution
08、(08湖北卷’22)The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly______
A. atmosphere B. state C. situation D. phenomenon
09、(08福建卷’32) What’s the _____ of having a public open space where you can’t eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while?
A. sense B. matter C. case D. opinion
10、(08陕西卷’15)–Did you go to the show last night?–Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area invited
A. were B. have been C. has been D. was
代词
08高考题
1（全国I卷）30. —Which of the two computer games did you prefer?
—Actually I didn’t like ______.
A. both of them B. either of them C. none of them D. neither of them
2（全国I卷）33. The English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from ______ spoken in England.
A. which B. what C. that D. the one
3（安徽卷）21. The two girls are getting on very well and share _______ with each other.
A. little B. much C. some D none
4（福建卷）21. –How do you find your new classmates?
– Most of them are kind, but ____ is so good to me as Bruce.
A. none B. no one C. every one D. some one
5（湖南卷）21. Our neighbors gave _____ a baby bird yesterday that hurt ______ when it fell from its nest.
A. us ,it B. us, itself C. ourselves, itself D. ourselves, it
6（山东卷）27. Make sure you’ve got the passports and tickets and ______ before you leave.
A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing
7（江西卷）23. Isn’t it amazing how the human body heals ____ after an injury?
A. himself B. him C. itself D. it
8（辽宁卷）26. —Could you tell me how to get to Victoria Street?
—Victoria Street? ______ is where the Grand Theatre is.
A. Such B. There C. That D. This
9（陕西卷）12. He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old desk.
A. any B. many C. some D. much
10(四川卷)11. The manager believes prices will not rise by more than _____ four percent.
A. any other B. the other C. another D. other
11（浙江卷）9. –I’d like some more cheese.
–Sorry, there’s ______ left.
A. some B. none C. a little D. few
12（北京卷）25. It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _____ of the parents spoke the language.
A. none B. neither C. both D. each
13（天津卷）5. To know more about the British Museum, you can use the Internet to go to the library, or _______.
A. neither B. some C. all D. both
14（重庆卷）24.—Could we see each other at 3 o’clock this afternoon?
---Sorry, let’s make it __ time.
A. other’s B. the other C. another D. other
15(上海卷)26. --Do you want tea or coffee?
-- ______, I really don't mind.
A. none B. neither C. either D. all
07高考题
1. ___ felt funny watching myself on TV. [全国卷II]
A. One B. This C. It D. That
2. The mayor has offered a reward of $ 5000 to ______ who can capture the tiger alive or dead. [上海卷]
A. both B. others C. anyone D. another
3. _____________ worries me the way he keeps changing his mind. [山东卷]
A．This B．That C．What D．It
4. He has made a lot of films, but ____ good ones. [2007 北京卷]
A. any B. some C. few D. many
5. The book is of great value. can be enjoyed unless you digest it. [福建卷]
A. Nothing B. Something C. Everything D. Anything
6. To save class time, our teacher has ________ students do half of the exercise in class and complete the other half for homework. [湖南卷]
A. us B. we C. our D. ours
7. —What do you think of the performance today?
—Great! But a musical genius could perform so successfully. [江西卷]
A. All B. None C. Anybody D. Everybody
8. —There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ?
—No, I’d rather buy in the bookstore. [陕西卷]
A. it; one B. one; one C. one; it D. it; it
9. Treat to a glass of wine to help you relax at the end of the day. 上海春]
A．one B．oneself C．you D．yourself
10.Little joy can equal ___of a surprising ending when you read stories.[四川]
A. that B. those C. any D. some
11. He didn’t make ___ clear when and where the meeting would be held.[天津卷]
A. this B. that C. it D. these
12. The information on the Internet gets around much more rapidly than ____ in the newspaper. [辽宁卷]
A. it B. those C. one D. that
13. —He got his first book published. It turned out to be a bestseller.
—When was _____?
—_____ was in 2000 when he was still in college. [浙江卷]
A. that; This B. this; It C. it; This D. that; It
14. Jim sold most of his things. He has hardly _______ left in the house. [重庆卷]
A. anything B. everything C. nothing D. something
06高考题
1--23. She went to the bookstore and bought _________. (北京)
A. dozen books B. dozens books C. dozen of books D.dozens of books
2--24. --- Which driver was to blame?
--- Why, _________! It was the child’s fault, clear and simple. He suddenly came out between two parked cars. (北京)
A. both B. each C. either D. neither
3--6. I used to earn ___than a pound a week when I first started work.(全国2)
A. a little B. a few C. fewer D. less
4--21.---Who called me this morning when I was not in?
----A man calling ______ Robert. (福建)
A. his B. himself C. his D.不填
5--26. As the busiest woman in Norton, she made ________her duty to look after all the other people’s affairs in that town. (湖南)
A. this B. that C. one D. it
6--22. My most famous relative of all, _______ who really left his mark on America, was Rob Sussel, my great-grandfather.. （江苏）
A. one B. the one C. he D. someone
7--24. I’d appreciate ____ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer. (山东)
A. that B. it C. this D. you
8--31.Of all the books on the desk, is of any use for our study. （(四川)）
A. nothing B. no one C. neither D. none
9--14. If you can’t decide which of the two books to borrow, why don’t you take ______? I won’t read them this week. （浙江）
A. all B. any C. either D. both
10. My grandma still treats me like a child. She can’t imagine grown up. （重庆）
A. my B. mine C. myself D. me
11--27. Both sides have accused of breaking the contract ___. （上海春）
A. another B. the other C. neither D. each
12--24. I’d appreciate ____ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer. （山东）
A. that B. it C. this D. you
13--23.I hear boys in your school like playing football in their spare time, though others prefer basketball. （辽宁）
A. quite a lot B. quite a few C. quite a bit D. quite a little
14--1. We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun, so let’s have one this month. （天津）
A. the other B. some C. another D. other
冠词
08高考题
01、(08全国卷II) It’s not ___ good idea to drive for four hours without ___ break.
A. a ; a B. the ; a C. the ; the D. a ; the
02、(08重庆卷)In many places in China, bicycle is still poplar means of transportation.
A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the
03、(08辽宁卷)My neighbor asked me to go for ______ walk, but I don’t think I’ve got ______ energy.
A. a; 不填 B. the; the C. 不填；the D. a; the
04、(08山东卷’ 21)Students should be encouraged to use ______ Internet as ______ resource.
A. 不填；a B. 不填; the C. the; the D. the; a
05、(08江苏卷’ 21) We went right round to the west coast by ____ sea instead of driving across ____ continent.
A. the; the B.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填
06、(08江西卷’30)--- I am so sorry to have come late for the meeting.
--- It is not your fault. With __ rush-hour traffic and __ heavy rain, it is no wonder you were late.
A. a; a B. the; the C. /; / D. /; a
07、(08浙江卷’02) ____ apple fell from the tree and hit him on ______ head.
A. An; the B. The; the C. An; 不填 D. The; 不填
08、(08湖南卷’22)Have you heard ______ news？The piece of _______ petrol is going up again!
A. the, the B. 不填，the C. the, 不填 D. 不填，不填
09、(08陕西卷’10) I ate sandwich while I was waiting for 20:08 train.
A. the, a B. the, the C. a, the D. a, a
10、(08四川卷’08)In the United States, there is always ____ flow of people to areas of ___ country where more jobs can be found.
A. a; the B. the ; a C. the; the D. a; a
07高考题
1. —Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons , please?
—Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in the village. [全国卷II]
A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; /
2. ______ walk is expected to last all day, so bring packed lunch. [山东卷]
A．A; a B．The; 不填 C．The ; a D．A ; 不填
3. —How about Christmas evening party? [福建卷]
—I should say it was success.
A. a; a B. The; a C. a; 不填 D. the; 不填
4. I looked under _____bed and found ______book I lost last week. [2007 北京卷]
A. the; a B. the: the C. 不填；the D. the:;不填
5. Polar bears live mostly on _____sea ice, which they use as ______platform for hunting seals. [湖南卷]
A. a; a B. a; the C. 不填; a D. the; 不填
6. We have every reason to believe that_____ 2008 Beijing Olympic Games will be_____ success.[ 江苏卷]
A. / … a B. the … / C. the … a D. a … a
7. Many people have come to realize that they should go on ___balanced diet and make ____ room in their day for exercise. [江西卷]
A. a;/ B. the; a C. the; the D./;a
8. In film Cast Away. Tom Hanks plays man named Chuck Noland. [陕西卷]
A. a; the B. the ; a C. the ; the D. a ; a
9. How about taking ______ short break? I want to make _______ call．[四川卷]
A．the；a B．a；the C．the；the D．a；a
10. I wanted to catch ________early train, but couldn’t get ________ ride to the station. [天津卷]
A. an, the B. /, the C. an, / D. the, a
11. I like _____ color of your skirt. It is _____ good match for your blouse. [浙江卷]
A. a; the B. a; a C. the; a D. the; the
12. Gorge couldn’t remember when he first met Mr. Anderson, but he was sure it was _____ Sunday because everybody was at _______ church. [重庆卷]
A. /; the B. the; / C. a; / D. /; a
13. Christmas is _____ special holiday when _______ whole family are supposed to get together.[辽宁卷]
A. the, the B. a, a C. the, a D. a, the
06高考题
1--26. --- I knocked over my coffee cup. It went right over ______ keyboard.
--- You shouldn’t put drinks near ________ computer. (北京)
A. the ; 不填 B. the ; a C. a ; 不填 D. a ; a
2--30. --- Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?
--- Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here. (全国1)
A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one
3--15.According to _______World Health Organization, health care plans are needed in all big cities to prevent _________spread of AIDS. (全国2)
A. the;不填 B. the ;the C. a; a D.不填;the
4--8. Your story is perfect; I’ve never heard _______ before. (全国3)
A. the better one B. the best one C. a better one D. a good one
5--19. I know you don’t like _______ music very much. But what do you think of _______ music in the film we saw yesterday? (全国3)
A. /; / B. the; the C. the; / D. /; the
6--22.In_____ review off 44 studies, American researchers found that men and women who ate six key foods daily cut the risk of ____heart disease by 76%. (湖南)
A. a ; the B. the ;a C. a;不填 D.不填;a
7--21. For him ____ stage is just ___ means of making a living. (山东)
A. a; a B. the ; a C. the ; the D. a; the
8--3. Don’t worry if you can’t come to ______ party. --- I’ll save _____ cake for you. （浙江）
A. the ; some B. a ; much C. the ; any D. a ; little
9--25. Everywhere man has cut down forests in order to grow crops，or to use wood as fuel or as building material. （重庆）
A. the; the B. the;/ C./；the D./；/
10--25. More and more young people are fond ___ playing tennis nowadays.（上海）
A. on B. to C. in D. of
11--21. For him ____ stage is just ___ means of making a living. （山东）
A. a; a B. the; a C. the ; the D. a; the
12--21. Of all reasons for my decision to become a university professor, my father’s advice was most important one.（辽宁）
A. the ;a B.不填；a C.不填;the D. the ;the
形容词和副词
08高考题
1（全国I）28. You’re driving too fast. Can you drive ______?
A. more slowly a bit B. slowly a bit more
C. a bit more slowly D. slowly more a bit
2（全国I）32. The weather was ______ cold that I didn’t like to leave my room.
A. really B. such C. too D. so
3（安徽）27.----- Hi, Mark. How was the musical evening?
----- Excellent! Ales and Andy performed _________ and they won the firs prize.
A. skillfully B. commonly C. willingly D. nervously
4（福建）26. In spite of repeated wrongs done to him, he looks _____ to people greeting him.
A. friendly B. lively C. worried D. cold
5（湖南）25. Last night Mr. Crook didn’t come back at the usual time. ______, he met some friends and stayed out until midnight.
Meanwhile B. However C. Instead D. Yet
6（江苏）30. It is ______ to spend money on preventing illnesses by promoting healthy living rather than spending it trying to make people ______ after they are ill.
A. good; good B. well; better C. better; better D. better; good
7（山东）33. Would it be ___ for you to pick me up at four o’clock and take me to the airport?
A. free B. vacant C. handy D. convenient
8（江西）29. If a person has not had enough sleep, his actions will give him ___ during the day.
A. away B. up C. in D. back
9（江西）33. Jack is late again. It is ___ of him to keep others waiting.
A. normal B. ordinary C. common D. typical
10（辽宁）30. It looks like the weather is changing for ______. Shall we stick to our plan?
A. the worse B. worse C. the worst D. worst
11（辽宁）31. Please remain ______; the winner of the prize will be announced soon.
A. seating B. seated C. to seat D. to be seated
12(全国II)19. The house still needed a lot of work, but ___ the kitchen was finished.
A. instead B. altogether C. at once D. at least
13（陕西）16. Ten years ago the population of our village was_________ that of theirs.
A. as twice large as B. twice as large as
C. twice as much as D. as twice much as
14四川)3. Although badly hurt in the accident, the driver was ___ able to make a phone call.
A. still B. even C. also D. ever
15(四川)15. A cough is usually nothing to worry about unless it lasts for ten days ___ .
A. or more B. instead C. at most D. only
16（浙江）3. I like this jacket better than that one, but it costs almost three times______.
A. as much B. as many C. so much D. so many
17（浙江）12. There are plenty of jobs ______ in the western part of the country.
A. present B. available C. precious D. convenient
18（浙江）18. Running a company is not ______ a matter of hiring people — they also need to be trained.
A. simply B. partly C. seriously D. equally
19（北京）26. After the long journey, the three of them went back home, ______.
A. hungry and tiredly B. hungry and tired
C. hungrily and tiredly D. hungrily and tired
20（湖北）28. In those days, our ______ concern was to provide people who were stopped by the snow storm with food and health care.
A. normal B. constant C. permanent D. primary
21（湖北）29. As he works in a remote area, he visits his parents only ______.
A. occasionally B. anxiously C. practically D. urgently
22（天津）2. My brother is really ____. He often works in his office far into the night.
A. open-minded B. hard-working C. self-confident D. warm-hearted
23(上海)27. In my view, London's not as expensive in price as Tokyo but Tokyo is ___ in traffic.
A. the most organized B. more organized
C. soorganized as D. as organized as
07高考题
1. After two years’ research, we now have a ____ better understanding of the disease. [2007 全国卷II]
A. very B. far C. fairly D. quite
2. Speaking of all the songs he has written, I think this is probably his ____ one. [2007 全国卷II]
A. better-known B. well-known C. best-known D. most-known
3. Alan is a careful driver, but he drives ______ of my friends. [2007 上海卷]
A. more carefully B. the most carefully
C. less carefully D. the least carefully
4. John was dismissed last week because of his ______ attitude towards his job. [2007 上海卷]
A. informal B. casual C. determined D. earnest
5. Since Tom ______ downloaded a virus into his computer, he can not open the file now. [2007 上海卷]
A. readily B. horribly C. accidentally D. irregularly
6. It is nt socially ____________ for parents to leave children unattended at that age. [2007 山东卷]
A．accessible B．adorable C．adaptable D．acceptable
7. The school' s music group will be giving a big show tomorrow night and two on the weekend. [2007 安徽卷]
A. more B. other C. else D. another
8. The new group of students is better-behaved than the other group who stayed here ___.[2007 北京卷]
A. early B. earlier C. earliest D. the earliest
9. —Do you need any help, Lucy?
—Yes, The job is I could do myself. [2007 福建卷]
A. less than B. more than C. no more than D. not more than
10. She devoted herself to her research and it earned her a good reputation in her field. [2007 湖北卷]
A. strongly B. extremely C. entirely D. freely
11. He began to take political science only when he left school. [2007 湖北卷]
A. strictly B. truly C. carefully D. seriously
12. This magazine is very with young people, who like its content and style.[2007 湖北卷]
A. familiar B. popular C. similar D. particular
13. Water can absorb and give off a lot of heat without big changes in temperature, thus creating a _______ environment. [2007 湖北卷]
A. peaceful B. sensitive C. common D. stable
14. It’s hard for him playing against me. I’ve got nothing to play for, but for him, he needs to win so ________. [2007 湖南卷]
A. far B. well C. little D. badly
15. There is an old proverb, “Love me, love my dog.” But there is ______ wisdom in this: “Love me, love my book.” [2007 湖南卷]
A. some B. much C. more D. most
16. With April 18’s railway speedup, highway and air transport will have to compete with ______ service for passengers. [2007 江苏卷]
A. good B. better C. best D. the best
17. The melon the Smiths served at dinner would have tasted _____if it had been put in the fridge for a little while. [2007 江西卷]
A. good B. better C. best D. well
18. Though he started late, Mr. Guo played the piano as well as, if me. [陕西卷]
A. not better than B. not better C. no better than D. better
19. Nowadays the roles of husband and wife are not as defined as before, especially when both partners work and earn money for the family. [上海春]
A．clear B．clearer C．clearly D．more clearly
20. Although the country has had political independence for over a century, it needs the support of its neighbors. [2007 上海春]
A．naturally B．economically C．especially D．luckily
21. The study surveyed 500 families and found the main ___problem people suffered was tiredness, followed by loneliness and anxiety. [2007 上海春]
A．domestic B．public C ．psychological D．biological
22. Of the two coats, I'd choose the __ one to spare some money for a book. [四川]
A. cheapest B. cheaper C. more expensive D. most expensive
23. A new ________ bus service to Tianjin Airport started to operate two months ago. [2007 天津卷]
A. normal B. usual C. regular D. common
24. Work gets done ______ when people do it together, and the rewards are higher too. [2007 浙江卷]
A. easily B. very easy C. more easily D. easier
25. The final score of the basketball match was 93-94.We were only ________ beaten. [2007 天津卷]
A. nearly B. slightly C. narrowly D. lightly
06年高考题
1--21. This washing machine is environmentally friendly because it uses _____ water and electricity than _____ models. (北京)
A. less ; older B. less ; elder C. fewer ; older D. fewer ; elder
2--14. ---Did you take enough money with you?
–No, I needed _______ I thought I would. (全国3)
A. not so much as B. as much as C. much more than D. much less than
3--26.Green products are becoming more and more popular because they are environmentally_______. (福建)
A. friendly B. various C. common D. changeable
4--23. I thought she was famous, but none of my friends have heard of her.. (广东)
A. even B. ever C. just D. never
4--30. I'm certain David's told you his business troubles. ______, it's no secret that he owes a lot of money to the bank. (湖北)
A. However B. Anyway C. Therefore D. Though
5--29.Although she did not know Boston well, she made her way________ to the Home Cirele Building. (湖南)
A. easy enough B. enough easy C. easily enough D. enough easily
6--25. --- Are you going to have a holiday this year?
--- I’d love to. I can’t wait to leave this place _______. （江苏）
A. off B. out C. behind D. over
7--26. The committee is discussing the problem right now. it will _______ have been solved by the end of next week. （江苏）
A. eagerly B. hopefully C. immediately D. gradually
8--33. I wish you’d do ________ talking and some more work. Thus things will become better. （江苏）
A. a bit less B. any less C. much more D. a little more
9—30.Attention,coffee lovers! We have for you，the best coffee machine______invented． (江西)
A. ever B．already C. even D．nowadays
10--35．I don't think this film is by far the most boring. I have seen______. (江西)
A. better B．worse C．the best D．the worst
11--27.---Did you enjoy yourself at the party? （(四川)）
---Yes. I’ve never been to_____ one before.
A. a more excited B. the most excited
C. a more exciting D. the most exciting
1--29. _________ by keeping down costs will Power Data hold its advantage over other companies. （浙江）
A. Only B. Just C. Still D. Yet
13--10. Letterboxes are much more _______ in the UK than in the US, where most people have a mailbox instead. （浙江）
A. common B. normal C. ordinary D. usual
14--12. Progress so far has been very good. _______, we are sure that the project will be completed on time. （浙江）
A. However B. Otherwise C. Therefore D. Besides
15--31. Some experts think that language learning is much ___ for children as their tongues are more flexible. （上海春）
A. easy B. easier C. easily D. more easily
16--42. Small cars are ___ of fuel, so they have more appeal for consumers. （上海春）
A. free B. short C. typical D. economical
17--44. The performer was waving his stick in the street and it ___ missed the child standing nearby. （上海春）
A. narrowly B. nearly C. hardly D. closely
18--13. Fitness is important in sport, but of at least importance are skills. （天津）
A. fair B. reasonable C. equal D. proper
第七讲 动词时态、语态
【要点点拨】
一、时态
（一） 现在进行时用法注意点：
1.状态性动词不用进行时态，包括
（1）be和have,或者含有be 和have意义的动词，如：belong to, contain, depend on,等；
（2）feel, sound, smell, taste等连系动词；
（3）hear, see, find等表示结果的动词；
（4）表示心理或情感状态的动词，如：believe, love, want, understand, wish等；
2.进行时态和副词always, forever等连用时，往往带有一定的感情色彩，如赞扬、批评、不满、抱怨等；eg.He is always criticizing us.
（二） 一般过去时与过去进行时的区别：
1.过去进行时表示动作的未完成性、持续性，着眼于动作的过程；一般过去时表示动作的完成，即动作发生过，且已结束，着眼于结果；如：
She was writing a report last night and I don’t know if she has finished it.(昨晚一直在写)
She wrote a report last night.（表示昨晚写了，并且写好了）
2.过去进行时与always, forever等词连用表示一定的感情色彩；
He was always throwing things about. (表示不满或讨厌)
（三） 将来时的几种表达：
A
B
C
D
be going to
表示“计划、打算、安排将要做的事”时，主语只能是人
说话人说话之前已考虑过的
主语是物时，表示说话人根据某种迹象主观推测可能发生的事
不能用于含有条件句的主句中
will
表示将要发生某事或主语的“意愿”
说话人说话时刻才考虑到的
表示客观规律必然发生的
可用于含有条件句的主句或从句中表示“意愿”
be to
表示安排、计划要做的事
与第二人称连用，表示转述第三者的话
表示命令，相当于should / must
表示“能”“该”“想要”“注定、不可避免”
be about to
表示动作马上发生；句中不能再加at once, immediately和表示具体时间的词语；常有“be about to…..when”结构；
还可用一般现在时、现在进行时表示将来发生的动作；
（四） 将来进行时与将来完成时：
1.将来进行时表示将来某一时刻发生的动作，结构为：will / shall be doing
2.将来完成时表示到将来某时刻某动作已发生，结构为：will / shall have done,时间状语为：by+表将来时间的词语；
如：I’ll be climbing the mountain this time the day after tomorrow.
By the time he graduates from the college, he will have learned three foreign languages.
（五） 现在完成时及过去完成时的用法注意点：
1.瞬间性动词与延续性动词的正确使用：与how long, for, since等表示一段时间的状语连用时须用延续性动词，如： die-be dead, marry-be married, begin-be on, begin to know-know等；
2.注意have been to与have gone to的区别；
4.by+过去时间状语用过去完成时；
5.有些动词的过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望，这类动词为：think, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose等；
I had intended to visit you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.
（六） 现在/过去完成进行时的用法：强调动作延续到说话时且还在进行；结构：have (has) / had been doing
比较：They have repaired the road.(表示路已修好)
They have been repairing the road. （表示路还在修）
有时两者可替换：She has taught in this middle school for ten years.
She has been teaching in this school for ten years.
注意：完成进行时不可与瞬间性动词连用，如：finish, go, marry等；
（七） 某些固定句型中时态是固定的：
1.This / That / It is the first time +从句（用现在完成时）
2.It’s / has been +一段时间+since从句（用过去时）
3.It will be +一段时间+before从句（用一般现在时）/ It was +一段时间+before从句（用过去时）
4. It’s time+从句（用过去时或should do）
5.would rather+从句（用一般过去时/过去完成时）
It’s getting late. I’d rather you took a taxi there.
The film was boring. I’d rather I hadn’t gone to see it.
二、语态
语态概述
英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者。巧记为：主动、主动、主去动。例如：Many people speak English. 谓语：speak的动作是由主语many people来执行的。
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，即行为动作的对象。巧记为：被动、被动、主被动。例如：English is spoken by many people.主语English是动词speak的承受者。 主动态和被动态指的是动词形式，是词法概念；而主动句和被动句则指的是句子结构，从而是句法概念。所谓主动句就是由主动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子，而被动句则是由被动态动词(词组)作谓语动词的句子。例如：He opened the door.他开了门。(主动句)
The door was opened.门被开了。(被动句)
被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词”构成。人称、数和时态的变化是通过be的变化表现出来的。现以teach为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。
一般现在时：am／is／are＋taught
一般过去时：was／were＋taught
一般将来时：will／shall be＋taught
现在进行时：am／is／are being＋taught
过去进行时：have／has been＋taught
现在完成时：have／has been＋taught
特殊用法：
1.动词sell, write, read, open, lock, shut, wear, wash, keep, cook, cut, burn, run等与well, smoothly, easily等连用时，说明主语内在的“性能”“特点”，用主动代替被动；
e.g. These books sell well.
2.表示状态特征的连系动词如smell, taste, feel, sound, look, prove等用主动语态表示被动意义；
e.g. The lady looks beautiful.
3.不及物动词及一些固定短语不能用被动语态：come up, run out（用完）, give out（耗尽）, go out（熄灭）, come out（出版）, come to light, belong to, break out, lose heart, die out, own, have, possess, happen, take place, occur等；
4.当want, require, need作“需要”解，后接doing/ to be done作宾语，此时动词do与主语为动宾关系；
e.g. This radio needs repairing.
5.be worth后接doing作宾语，用主动形式表示被动意义；
e.g. The story is well worth reading.
6.不定式to blame（该受责备）表示被动意义；
e.g. The air conditioners and cars are to blame for the overweight problem
7.在“主语+谓语+宾语（名词）+动词不定式to do（作定语修饰前面的名词，且为动宾关系；主语与to do为主谓关系时，此动词不定式用主动形式；如：
I have a meeting to attend.
【各个击破】
09高考题
1. My parents _____ in Hong Kong. They were born there and have never lived anywhere else.
A. live B. lived C. were living D. will live （2009天津 ）
2.—Why don’t we choose that road to save time? ( 2009四川)
—The bridge to it .
A. has repaired B. is repaired C. is being repaired D. will be repaired
3. The teacher together with the students ___________ discussing Reading Skills that _________newly published in America. ( 2009四川)
A. are; were B. is; were C. are; was D. is; was
4. —You speak very good French!
—Thanks. I ____________ French in Sichuan University for four years. ( 2009四川)
A. studied B. study C. was studying D. had studied
5．When he the door, he found his keys were nowhere. （2009湖南） ks5u
A. would open B. opened C. had opened D. was to open
6．Would you please keep silent? The weather report and I want to listen. （2009湖南）
A. is broadcast B. is being broadcast C. has been broadcast D. had been broadcast
7. — The food here is nice enough. （2009湖南）
— My friend ______ me a right place.
A. introduces B. introduced C. had introduced D. was introducing
8．Dr．Smith, together with his wife and daughters, ____visit Beijing this summer.（09陕西）
A．is gong to B．are going to C．was going to D．were going to
9．This is the first time we______ a film in the cinema together as a family. （2009陕西）
A．see B．had seen C．saw D．have seen
10. Progress __so far very good and we sure that the work will be finished on time. （2009全国） A. was B. had been C. has been D. will be
11. His sister left home in 1998, and since. （2009全国I ）
A. had not been heard of B. has not been heard of C. had not heard of D. has not heard of
12. Edward, you play so well. But I you played the piano. （2009全国I ）
A. didn't know B. hadn't known C. don't know D. haven't known
13. Excuse me, Marcia, a reporter from Vanity Fair ________ all day. Could you speak to her now? （2009辽宁）
A. phones B. has phoned C. has been phoning D. phoned
14. My parents have promised to come to see me before I for Africa. （2009辽宁）
A. have left B leave C left D will leave
15. The population of Jiangsu __ to more than twice what it was in 1949. The figure is now approaching 74 million. （2009江苏）
A. has grown B. have grown C. grew D. are growing
16. -- Ann is in hospital. （2009江苏）
-- Oh, really? I __ know. I __ go and visit her.
A. didn’t; am going to B. don’t; would C. don’t; will D. didn't; will
17.--- Hi, Terry, can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?
--- Sorry. . （2009江苏）
A. It' s repaired B. It has been repaired
C. It's being repaired D. It had been repaired
18. -----Why does the Lake smell terrible? Ks5u（2009（ （2009福建）
----Because large quantities of water . Ks5u
A. have polluted B. is being polluted C. has been polluted D. have been polluted
19. According to the literary review, Shakespeare his charities live through their language in his plays. Ks5u（2009福建）
A. will make B. had made C. was making D. makes K
20. At present, one of the apartments in favor of the new airport ________ that it will going a lot jobs to the area. （2009江西）
A. is B. are C. will be D. were
21.Scientists have many theories about how the universe into being.（2009北京）
A. came B. was coming C. had come D. would come
22. The way the guests ____ in the hotel influenced their evaluation of the service.（2009北京）
A. treated B. were treated C. would treat D. would be treated
23. When I talked with my grandma on the phone ,she sounded weak, but by the time we
____up, her voice had been full of life. （2009北京）
A. were hanging B. had hung C. hung D. would hang
24. John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather ____ with them to school.
（2009北京）
A. took B. had taken C. were taking D. would take
25.The number of foreign students attending Chinese universities ________ rising steadily since1990.
A. is B. are C. has been D. have been
26.I was out of town at the time, so I don’t know exactly how it _______.（2009山东）
A. was happening B. happened C. happens D. has happened
27．－ What do you think of the movie? （2009浙江）
－ It’s fantastic. The only pity is that I __________ the beginning of it.
A Missed B. had missed C. miss D. would miss
28. She stared at the painting ,wondering where she ______it.（2009重庆）
A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen
29.—I’ve got to go now. （2009重庆）
—Must you ?I ______you could stay for dinner with us.
A. think B. thought C. have thought D. am thinking
30. Professor Williams keeps telling his students that the future ______to the well-educated. （2009重庆）
A. belongs B. is belonged C. is belonging D. will be belonged
31. Daniel's family their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.（2009安徽）
A. are enjoying B. are to enjoy C. will enjoy D. will be enjoying
08高考题
01、(08全国卷I’ 27) — Have you known Dr. Jackson for a long time ?
—Yes, since she ____ the Chinese Society.
A. has joined B. joins C. had joined D. joined
02、(08全国卷I’ 29) The wet weather will continue tomorrow when a cold front ____ to arrive.
A. is expected B. is expecting C. expects D. will be expected
03、(08全国卷II) If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it __all day.
A. rained B. rains C. has rained D. is raining
04、(08全国卷II’ 14) If their marketing plans succeed, they ____ their sales by 20 percent.
A. will increase B. have been increasing
C. have increased D. would be increasing
05、(08北京卷) John promised his doctor he _____ not smoke, and he has smoked ever since.
A. might B. should C. could D. would.
06、(08北京卷’ 22) —Have you read book called Waiting for Anya? —Who _______ it?
A. writes B. has written C. wrote D. had written
07、(08北京卷’ 27) The hotel wasn’t particularly good. But I ____ in many worse hotels.
A .was staying B. stayed C. would stay D. had stayed
08、(08北京卷’ 29) No decision about any future appointment until all the candidates have been interviewed.
A. will be made B. is made C. is being made D. has been made
09、(08上海春卷’ 29) Population experts predict that most people ______ in cities in the near future
A. live B. would live C. will live D. have lived
10、(08上海春卷’ 31) Officials say that few patients ___________with the virus owing to the effective prevention
A. infected B. are infected C. have infected D. be infected
11、(08上海卷’28) ---Do you know if Terry will go camping this weekend?
-- Terry? Never! She___ tents and fresh air!
A. has hated B. hated C. will hate D. hates
12、(08上海卷’32) In recent years many football clubs ______ as business to make a profit.
A. have run B. have been run C. had been run D. will run
13、(08天津卷’ 14)He _____ football regularly for many years when he was young.
A. was playing B. played C. has played D. had played
14、(08重庆卷’ 23)Judy is going to marry the sailor she in Rome last year.
A. meets B. met C. has met D. would meet
15、(08重庆卷’ 31) He as a national hero for winning the first gold medal for his country in the Olympics.
A. regarded B. was regarded C. has regarded D. had been regarded
16、(08重庆卷’ 35) Teenagers their health because they play computer games too much.
A. have damaged B. are damaging C. damaged D. will damage
17、(08辽宁卷’ 23)We first met on a train in 2000. We both felt immediately that we ____ each other for years.
A. knew B. have known C. had known D. know
18、(08辽宁卷’ 29)—Have you got any job offers?—No. I ______.
A. waited B. had been waiting C. have waited D. am waiting
19、(08山东卷’ 25)By the time he realizes he ______ into a trap, it’ll be too late for him to do anything about it.
A. walks B. walked C. has walked D. had walked
20、(08江苏卷’ 33)—I’m sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final. —I think so. He ____ for it for months.
A. is preparing B. was preparing
C. had been preparing D. has been preparing
21、(08江西卷’32)– Do you think we should accept that offer?
-- Yes, we should, for we ___such bad luck up till now, and time __ out.
A. have had; is running B. had; is running
C. have; has been run D. have had; has been run
22、(08安徽卷’22) -----Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?
-----Yes, I did. You know, my brother _____ in the match.
A. is playing B. was playing C. has played D. had played
23、(08安徽卷’33)I like these English songs and they _____many times on the radio.
A. taught B. have taught C. are taught D. have been taught
24、(08浙江卷’05) I don’t believe you’ve already finished reading the book — I ______it to you this morning!
A. would lend B. was lending C. had lent D. lent
25、(08浙江卷’07)–What’s that noise? –Oh, I forgot to tell you. The new machine ______.
A. was tested B. will be tested C. is being tested D. has been tested
26、(08湖南卷’32)I called Hnnah many times yesterday evening, but I couldn’t get through. Her brother _____ on the phone all the time!
A. was talking B. has been talking C. has talked D. talked
27、(08湖南卷’35)— Do you have any problems if you ______ this job?
— Well, I’m thinking about the salary….
A. offer B. will offer C. are offered D. will be offered
28、(08陕西卷’06) The moment I got home, I found I my jacket on the playground.
A. had left B. left C. have left D. was leaving
29、(08陕西卷’17) Though we don’t know what discussed, yet we can feel the topic .
A. had changed B. will change
C. was changed D. has been changed
30、(08四川卷’07)The telephone _______, but by the time I got indoors, it stopped.
A. had rung B. was ringing C. rings D. has rung
07高考题
1. The flowers were so lovely that they __________ in no time. [2007 全国卷I]
A. sold B. had been sold C. were sold D. would sell
2. I know a little bit about Italy as my wife and I ________ there several years ago. [2007 全国卷I]
A. are going B. had been C. went D. have been
3. —Is there anything wrong, Bob? You look sad.
—Oh, nothing much. In fact, I ____ of my friends back home. [2007 全国卷II]
A. have just thought B. was just thinking
C. would just think D. will just be thinking
4. —Tom, you didn’t come to the party last night?
—I ____, but I suddenly remembered I had homework to do. [2007 全国卷II]
A. had to B. didn’t C. was going to D. wouldn’t
5. —Did you tidy your room? [2007 上海卷]
— No, I was going to tidy my room but I ______ visitors.
A. had B. have C. have had D. will have
6. With the help of high technology, more and more new substances ______ in the past years. [2007 上海卷]
A. discovered B. have discovered
C. had been discovered D. have been discovered
7. They_____ two free tickets to Canada, otherwise they’d never have been able to afford to go. [2007 山东卷]
A．had got B．got C．have got D．get
8. —Did Peter fix the computer himself?
—He ________, because he doesn't know much about computers. [2007 安徽卷]
A. has it fixed B. had fixed it C. had it fixed D. fixed it
9. They became friends again that day. Until then, they _____ to each other for nearly two years. [2007 安徽卷]
A. didn't speak B. hadn't spoken
C. haven' t spoken D. haven' t been speaking
10. —How can I apply for an online course?
—Just fill out this form and we _____ what we can do four you. [2007 北京卷]
A. see B. are seeing C. have seen D. will see
11. —It was really very kind of you to give me a lift home.
—Oh, don’t mention it. I _____past your house anyway. [2007 北京卷]
A. was coming B. will come C. had come D. have come
12. —I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening.[2007 福建卷]
—Impossible. She TV with me in my home then.
A. watched B. had watched C. would watch D. was watching
13. As the years passed, many occasions—birthdays, awards, graduations—________ with Dad’s flowers. [2007 湖南卷]
A. are marked B. were marked C. have marked D. had marked
14. Cathy is taking notes of the grammatical rules in class at Sunshine School, where she _____ English for a year. [2007 湖南卷]
A. studies B. studied C. is studying D. has been studying
15. At the end of the meeting, it was announced that an agreement ______.[2007 江苏卷]
A. has been reached B. had been reached
C. has reached D. had reached
16. —Ouch! You hurt me!
—I am sorry. But I any harm. I to drive a rat out. [2007 江西卷]
A. didn’t mean; tried B. don’t mean; am trying
C. haven’t meant; tried D. didn’t mean; was trying
17. When you get the paper back, pay special attention to what ________ . [2007 四川卷]
A．have marked B. have been marked
C．had marked D．had been marked
18. —Did you see a man in black pass by just now?
—No, sir. I ________ a newspaper. [2007 四川卷]
A. read B. was reading C. would read D. am reading
19. —Jack bought a new mobile phone the other day.[2007 浙江卷]
—________? That’s his third one in just one month.
A. Had he B. Did he C. Does he D. Has he
20. —Did Alan enjoy seeing his old friends yesterday?
—Yes, he did. He ________ his old friends for a long time. [2007 重庆卷]
A. didn’t see B. wouldn’t see C. hasn’t seen D. hadn’t seen
21. Leonardo da Vinci (1452—1519) _______birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. [2007 重庆卷]
A. is said to be buying B. is said to have bought
C. . had said to buy D. has said to have bought
22. —Do you have any idea what Paul does all day?
—As I know, he spends at least as much time playing as he _______. [2007 重庆卷]
A. writes B. does writing C. is writing D. does write
23. —When I called you this morning, nobody answered the phone. Where______. [2007 重庆卷]
A. did you go B. have you gone C. were you D. had you been
24. —Have you handed in your schoolwork yet?
—Yes, I have. I guess it ______ now. [2007 辽宁卷]
A. has graded B. is graded C. is being graded D. is grading
06年高考题
1--27. --- _______ leave at the end of this month.
--- I don’t think you should do that until ________ another job. (北京)
A. I’m going to ; you’d found B. I’m going to ; you’ve found
C. I’ll ; you’ll find D. I’ll ; you’d find
2--30. --- Your job ________ open for your return.
--- Thanks. (北京)
A. will be kept B. will keep C. had kept D. had been kept
3--32. --- Where did you put the car keys? (北京)
--- Oh, I ________ I put them on the chair because the phone rang as I ______ in.
A. remembered ; come B. remembered ; was coming
C. remember ; come D. remember ; was coming
4--2l. The house belongs to my aunt but she______ here any more. (全国1)
A. hasn't lived B. didn't live C. hadn't lived D. doesn't live
5--7. —You look very tired. _______at all last night?
—No, not really. I’m tired out now. (全国2)
A. Do you sleep B. Were you sleeping
C. Did you sleep D. Had you slept
6--12.The construction of the two new railway lines__________ by now. (全国2)
A. has completed B. have completed
C. have been completed D. has been completed
7--12. John, a friend of mine, who got married only last week, spent $3,000 more than he _______ for the wedding. (全国3)
A. will plan B. has planned C. would plan D. had planned
8--20. As you can see, the number of cars on roads _______ rising these days. (全国3)
A. we keeping B. keep C. keeps D. were keeping
9--24.Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts. The plane________. (福建)
A. takes off B. is taking off C. has taken off D. took off
10--29.I’m sure you’d rather she went to school by bus,_______? (福建)
A. hadn’t you B. wouldn’t you C. aren’t you D. didn’t she
11--31.The moment the 28th Olympic Games _______ open, the whole world cheered. (福建)
A. declared B. have been declared
C. have declared D. were declared
12--32.The workers will go on strike if the demands they ___ put forward are turned down. (福建)
A. could B. would C.不填 D. had
13.I won't tell the student the answer to the math problem until he __on it for more than an hour. (湖北)
A. has been working B. will have worked
C. will have been working D. had worked
14.I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I __to half a dozen other groups. (湖南)
A. was giving B. am giving C. had given D. have given
15.In a room above the store, where a party ____, some workers were busily setting the table. (湖南)
A. was to be held B. has been held C. will be held D. is being held
16--23. --- I don’t suppose the police know who did it.
--- Well, surprisingly they do. A man has been arrested and ________ now. （江苏）
A. has been questioned B. is being questioned
C. is questioning D. has questioned
17--27. Although medical science __________ control over several dangerous diseases, what worries us is that some of them are returning. （江苏）
A. achieved B. has achieved C. will achieve D. had achieved
18--21．My cousin went to Canada two yours ago．He___there for a few months and then went to America． (江西)
A．worked B．would work
C．would be working D. has been working
19--22.Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 off at 18:20. (四川)）
A. takes B. took C. will be taken D. has taken
20--21.I have to go to work by taxi because my carat the garage. （重庆）
A. will be repaired B. is repaired
C. is being repaired D. has been repaired
21--31.I’ve been in London for many years, but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China. （重庆）
A. lived B. was living C. have lived D. had lived
22--28. Although the causes of cancer ____, we do not yet have any practical way to prevent it.（山东）
A. are being uncovered B. have been uncovering
C. are uncovering D. have uncovered
23--29.I think it is necessary for my 19-year-old son to have his own mobile phone, for I sometimes want to make sure if he home for dinner. （辽宁）
A. come B. comes C. has come D. will come
24--31.It is said that the early European playing-cards for entertainment and education. （辽宁）
A. were being designed B. have designed
C. have been designed D. were designed
第八讲 情态动词
【要点点拨】
1. 表示请求和允许: can, could , may, might. 过去式使语气更委婉，答语应用原形。
--- Could I use your computer tomorrow morning?
--- Yes, you can.( 否定回答可用：No, I’m afraid not.)
2．表示推测：
理论可能性
can
可能性
肯定句
must, may ,might, could
疑问句
can
否定句
can’t (不可能)，may not (可能不)
1)can表示理论上的可能性，指某事或情况可能发生，但并不说明实际上真的发生.
Children can be very tiring.
2)对现在事情的推测： 情态动词+do
对过去事情的推测： 情态动词+have done
对已完成事情的推测：情态动词+have done
3)反意问句：
He may know the plan, doesn’t he?
You must have studied English before, haven’t you?
You can’ t have been caught in the rain last night, were you?
3．can & be able to
在肯定句中can表示有“能力”做，be able to表示通过想办法/努力等而能够做成了某一件事， 相当于managed to do…或succeeded in doing sth.
Birds can fly.
The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out.
4. may / might as well do sth “还是…好”、“不妨”
You might as well tell me the truth. 你还是把真相告诉我的好。
5. must和have to
1) must表示的是说话人的主观看法, 而have to强调客观需要。
2）否定形式含义不同。mustn’t禁止，不许可，don’t have to不必
3) must 偏要（做令人不快的事）eg. Must you shout so loudly?
6. shall和should
1) 表示说话人征求对方意见和向对方请示，用于第一、三人称。
When shall my father be able to leave hospital?
Shall 2) 用于第一、三人称2) 用于第二、三人称,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁以及说话人的决心。
You shall go with me (命令) / You shall have the book when I finish it.33（允诺）
He shall be punished （威胁）/ Nothing shall stop me from doing it. (决心)
3) 规定（在条约、规则、法律）
1) 表示劝告和建议“应该”
2) “按道理应当”“估计”(=ought to)
They should be there by now, I think.
3） 用于第一人称表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。
I should advise you not do that.我倒是劝你别这样做。
should 4） 在条件句中表示“万一”，主句不一定用虚拟语气。
Ask Tom to ring me up if you should see him. /Should I be free tomorrow, I’ll come.
5） （Why / How + ）should 结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思， 意为“竟然”，也用在某些从句中。
It seems so unfair that this should happen to me.这种事竟然发生在我身上真不公平。
7. will 和would
1) 表示意志和意愿。will 指现在，would指过去。
If you will listen to me, I’ll give you some advice.
2) 表示请求、建议，would比will委婉、客气。Will (Would ) you please pass me the book?
3) 表示习惯性动作，“总是”“惯于”，will指现在，would指过去。
Fish will die without water.
Every evening, she would sit by the window, deep in thought.
4). 表示功能， 意为“能” 或“行” The machine won’t work.
5) 表示预料或猜想。It would be about ten when he left home.猜想他离开家时大约十点。
8. would & used to
1) 表示过去持续的状态和情况用used to; would不与表示状态的动词连用。
There used to be a hospital here. / There would be a hospital here.( ×)
2) would 常与often, sometimes, for hours等表示时间的副词（短语）连用。
We would sit in the yard every evening and listened to his story.
3) used to 强调过去的行为同现在的对比，含有“过去怎样，而现在却不这样了”的含义. eg. He will not spend the money on books as he used to.
9. dare 和need
两者作为情态动词都不用于肯定句，常用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句中。习惯用语I dare say（可能，或许，我揣测）除外。实义动词用法同于一般动词。但在否定句中，dare 后的to可省略，即：don’t / doesn’t dare (to ) do…. need 作为实义动词时，用在否定句中时，其后的to不能省略。
He dare go there alone. ( ×) He dares to go there.
He dares not go there alone. ( ×) He dare not go there alone . / He doesn’t dare ( to ) go there alone.
He stood there without daring lift his head.(×) He stood there without daring to lift his head.
10．情态动词+ have done,表示过去 比较： 情态动词+ do , 表示现在或将来。
needn’t have done & didn’t need to do…
She need not have come yesterday. 她昨天本不必要来的。（但却来了）
She didn’t need to come yesterday. 她昨天不必来。（实际上也没来）
【各个击破】
1. I lived with my sister this summer and didn’t have to pay rent. So I ____ save most of my salary.
A. could B. would C. was able to D. should
2. --- Look , John’s fallen asleep.
--- Oh, he ______ too late last night.
A. might sit up b. should have sat up c. could sit up D. must have sat up
3. On Sundays when I was a child , Father and I ____ get up early and go fishing.
A. could B. would C. might D. should
4. --- Many people in England love to give advice on weather reporting.
--- Yes, but I think the weather office’s computers ___ be more accurate. (精确的)
A. can B. must C. ought to D. might
5. --- Are you still going to Shanghai for the Spring Festival?
--- Yes, but I really ____ because I have a lot of things to deal with.
A. can’t B. mustn’t C. won’t D. shouldn’t
6. –Well, I forgot to bring my dictionary here yesterday.
-- Actually you ____ it here. You were not allowed to use it.
A. needn’t bring B. needn’t have brought
C. didn’t need to bring D. don’t have to bring
7. --- Shall I book the table for the dinner?
---Yes, you____. The restaurant is always full of people.
A. can B. will C. must d. need
8. The poor boy ____ the test again; in that case, his mother will be very disappointed.
A. must have failed B. might fail C. could have failed D. should fail
9. --- Why ____ it rain now? I ___ go to the concert at 7.
--- What a pity!
A. can; might not B. should; needn’t C. must; can’t D. need; mustn’t
10. -- We need some fresh air, but the window open.
-- _____I help you ?
A. didn't; Will B. shan't; Need C. mustn't ; May D. won't; Shall
11. -- What do you think of your nephew?
-- He be very naughty but at the same time you __ help liking him.
A. will; will B. won’t ; can’t C. may; may D. can; can’t
12. It was not possible that she____ go down, step by step down the unexpected stairs into the dark below.
A. should dare B. should dare to C. must dare D. must dare to
13. --- I am told that John had another car accident this morning.
--- I believe not. He ____ so careless.
A. shouldn’t have been B. wouldn’t have been
C. couldn’t have been D. mustn’t have been
14. ---You ought to have given them some advice.
---____, but who cared what I said?
A. So I ought B. So ought I C. So I did D. So did I
15． ---Write to me when you get home.
--______.
A.I must B. I should C. I will D. I can
16. Shut your mouth. Nothing ___ stop me once I have made up my mind.
A. will B. ought to C. shall D. must
17. Keep up a good state of mind even if you _____fail plenty of times.
A. must B. will C. can D. should
18. The policeman told the pupils. “You ____ play football in the street.”
A. can’t B. needn’t C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t
19. If you ___ wait a moment, I will go and find our manager.
A. can B. should C. will D. must
20. Don’t believe him. His story ___ be true.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. shouldn’t D. may not
08年高考题：
01、(08全国卷II’ 17) Liza ___ well not want to go on the trip --- she hates traveling.
A. will B. can C. must D. may
02、(08上海春卷’ 27) When I was young, I was told that I ______ play with matches
A. wouldn’t B. needn’t C. mustn’t D. daren’t
03、(08上海卷’29) According to the air traffic rules, you ______ switch off your mobile phone before boarding.
A. may B. can C. would D. should
04、(08天津卷’ 06)She ______ have left school, for her bike is still here.
A. can’t B. wouldn’t C. shouldn’t D. needn’t
05、(08重庆卷’ 30) ---I can’t find my purse anywhere. ---You have lost it while shopping.
A. may B. can C. should D. would
06、(08辽宁卷’ 22)Peter ______ be really difficult at times even though he’s a nice person in general.
A. shall B. should C. can D. must
07、(08山东卷’ 24)Thank you for all your hard work last week. I don’t think we ______ it without you.
A. can manage B. could have managed
C. could manage D. can have managed
08、(08江苏卷’ 35) —I’m sorry. I ______ at you the other day.—Forget it. I was a bit out of control myself.
A. shouldn’t shout B. shouldn’t have shouted
C. mustn’t shout D. mustn’t have shouted
09、(08江西卷’26)What a pity. Considering his ability and experience, he ___ better.
A. need have done B. must have done
C. can have done D. might have done
10、(08浙江卷’11)You _____ be hungry already — you had lunch only two hours ago!
A. wouldn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
11、(08湖南卷’28)You don’t have to know the name of the author to find a book. You ___ find the book by the title.
Must B. need C. can D. would
12、(08陕西卷’09)–What sort of house do you want to have? Something big?
--Well, it be big--that’s not important.
A. mustn’t B. needn’t C. can’t D. won’t
13、(08四川卷’10)Although this ____ sound like a simple task, great care is needed.
A. must B. may C. shall D. should
14、(08福建卷’24) It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it _____ be rather cold sometime.
A. must B. can C. should D. would
07高考题
1. —How’s your tour around the North Lake? Is it beautiful?
—It ________ be, but it is now heavily polluted. [2007 全国卷I]
A. will B. would C. should D. must
2. —Guess what! I have got A for my term paper. [2007 上海卷]
—Great! You ______ read widely and put a lot of work into it.
A. must B. should C. must have D. should have
3. The teacher _______have thought Johnson was worth it or she wouldn't have wasted time on him, I suppose. [2007 安徽卷]
A. should B. can C. would D. must
4. In crowded places like airports and railway stations, you___ take care of your luggage. [北京卷]
A. can B. may C. must D. will
5. My MP4 player isn’t in my bag. Where I have put it? [2007 福建卷]
A. can B. must C. should D. would
6. The biggest problem for most plants, which ________ just get up and run away when threatened, is that animals like to eat them. [2007 湖南卷]
A. shan’t B. can’t C. needn’t D. mustn’t
7. —She looks very happy. She ______ have passed the exam. [2007 江苏卷]
—I guess so. It’s not difficult after all.
A. should B. could C. must D. might
8. —Where is my dictionary? I remember I put it here yesterday.
—You it in the wrong place. [2007 江西卷]
A. must put B. should have put C. might put D. might have put
9. As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area . [2007 陕西卷]
A. need repairing B. needs to repair
C. needs repairing D. need to repair
10. I told your friend how to get to the hotel, but perhaps I have driven her there. [2007 陕西卷]
A. could B. must C. night D. should
11. The boss has given everyone a special holiday, so we go to work tomorrow. [2007 上海春]
A．can’t B．mustn’t C. needn’t D．shouldn’t
12. 一What does the sign over there read?
一“No person _____smoke or carry a lighted cigarette，cigar or pipe in this area．”[2007 四川卷]
A．will B．may C．shall D. must
13. —My cat’s really fat.
—You ______ have given her so much food. [2007 浙江卷]
A. wouldn’t B. couldn’t C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t
14. —What do you think we can do for our aged parents?
—You _______ do anything except to be with them and be yourself. [2007 重庆卷]
A. don’t have to B. oughtn’t to C. mustn’t D. can’t
15. —Turn off the TV, Jack.. ____ your homework now?
—Mum, just ten more minutes, please. [2007 辽宁卷]
A. Should you be doing B. Shouldn't you be doing
C. Couldn't you be doing D. Will you be doing
06年高考题
1--25. --- What’s the name?
--- Khulaifi. _______ I spell that for you? (北京)
A. Shall B. Would C. Can D. Might
2--24. There's no light on - they______ be at home. (全国1)
A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. shouldn't
3--19. As you worked late yesterday, you _________have come this morning. (全国2)
A. mayn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
4--10. We hope that as many people as-possible _______ join us for the picnic tomorrow. (全国3)
A. need B. must C. should D. can
5--27. If it were not for the fact that she _______ sing, I would invite her to the party. (福建)
A. couldn’t B. shouldn’t C. can’t D. might not
6--22. --- Must he come to sign this paper himself? (广东)
--- Yes, he .
A. need B. must C. may D. will
7--32.Some aspects of a pilot’s job __________be boring, and pilots often ________work at inconvenient hours. (湖南)
A. can; have to B. may; can C. have to; may D. ought to; must
8--21. --- I think I’ll give Bob a ring.
--- You _______. You haven’t been in touch with him for ages. （江苏）
A. will B. may C. have to D. should
9--24．The weather turned out to be fine yesterday．I——the trouble to carry my umbrella with me． (江西)
A.should have taken B．could have taken
C．needn't have taken D．mustn't have taken
10--30. –--May I smoke here ?
--- If you ____, choose a seat in the smoking section. (山东)
A. should B. could C. may D. must
11--32.---Is Jack on duty today? （(四川)）
---It______be him. It’s his turn tomorrow.
A. mustn’t B. won’t C. can’t D. needn’t
12--19. --- Could I have a word with you, mum? （浙江）
--- Oh dear, if you ________.
A. can B. must C. may D. should
13--26. You know he is not going to let us leave early if we ___ get the work done. （上海春）
A. can't B. may not C. shouldn't D. mustn't
14-30. --–May I smoke here ?
--- If you ____, choose a seat in the smoking section. （山东）
A. should B. could C. may D. must
15-11. We have proved great adventurers, but we have done the greatest march ever made in the past ten years. （天津）
A. needn’t B. may not C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t
第九讲 句子成分
一、知识要点
（一）句子成分的定义：
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。
（二）主语：
主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：
During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
We often speak English in class.（代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
It is necessary to master a foreign language.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
（三）谓语：
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：
1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：He practices running every morning.
2、复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如：
You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。如：
We are students.
（四）表语：
表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours?（代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
（五）宾语：
宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：
They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
宾语种类：
（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected him their monitor.
（六）宾语补足语：
英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：
His father named him Dongming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
（七）定语：
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示：
Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
（八）状语：
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。可由以下形式表示：
Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）
Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
二、巩固练习
1．用符号划出下列短文各句中的主语（—）、谓语（＝）、宾语（～）：
（1）
I began to grow up that winter night when my parents and I were returning from my aunt＇s house, and my mother said that we might soon be leaving for America. We were on the bus then. I was crying, and some people on the bus were turning around to look at me. I remember that I could not bear the thought of never hearing again the radio program for school children to which I listened every morning.
（2）
I hope you are very well. I'm fine, but tired. Right now it is the summer vacation and I'm helping my Dad on the farm. August is the hottest month here. It is the time of year for the rice harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark. Sometimes we go on working after dark by the lights of our tractors. We grow rice in the south of the States, but in the north where it is colder they grow wheat. We have a lot of machines on the farm. Although the farm is large, my Dad has only two men working for him. But he employs more men for the harvest. My brother takes care of the vegetable garden. It doesn't often rain in the summer here. As a result, we have to water the vegetable garden. Every evening we pump water from a well. It then runs along channels to different parts of the garden.
2．用符号划出下列短文各句中的定语（—）、状语（＝）、补语（～）：
I suddenly heard an elephant crying as though frightened .Looking down I immediately recognized that something was wrong and ran down to the edge of the near bank .There I saw Ma Shwe with her three-month-old calf struggling in the fast-rising water and it was a life-and-death struggle. Her calf was floating and screaming with fear. Ma Shwe was as near to the far bank as she could get, holding her whole body against the rushing water and keeping the calf pressed against her huge body. Every now and then the rushing water would sweep the calf away.
Most Saturday evenings there is a party, even at harvest time. These parties often make us very happy. We cook meat on an open fire outside. It's great! Americans eat a lot of meat — too much in my opinion. Some of my friends drink beer. I don't, because I have to drive home after the party. In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States. There are five different time areas in the States. In my state we are fourteen hours behind Beijing time. How many different time areas do you have in China? Well, I must stop and get some sleep. Please give my best regards to your parents.
第十讲 句子类型
【要点提示】
一．简单句的五种基本句型
1、主语+系动词+表语：e.g. He is a student.
2、主语+不及物动词： e.g. We work.
3、主语+及物动词+宾语：e.g. Henry bought a dictionary.
4、主语+及物动词+双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）：e.g. My father bought me a car.
5、主语+及物动词+复合宾语（宾语+宾补）：e.g. Tom made the baby laugh.
注：其他各种句子都可由这一种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。
双宾语：有些英语动词可以接双宾语，句式为： subject + vt. + sb.(间接宾语)+ sth.（直接宾语） 英语中，能接双宾语的常用动词有：ask、promise、cause、play、leave、make、do、bring、buy、reach、order、teach、offer、serve、show、tell、wish…. 。
e.g. Can I ask you a question, Sir? She made me a model ship for my birthday.
注：带双宾语的句子可以被改为 subject + vt. + sth(直接宾语)+ 介词 + sb. 的形式。
其中的介词，常用的有：to、 for、 of ….。归纳如下：
hand owe pay post promise read return send show teach…
sth.
to
sb.
boil buy draw choose earn find gather order save sing …
sth.
for
sb.
ask request demand
sth.
of / from
sb.
另还有：play a joke / trick on sb ; play a game with / against sb.
e.g. Excuse me, you demand too much from / of me.
May I ask a question of you?
另外 句型：Subject + link-v. + n. / adj.
在该句型中的系动词有特定含义，有“人称、数、时态”等形式变化。常用的有：
显得：look , appear , seem
变得：become , come , fall , get , go , grow , run , turn
持续是：continue , keep , remain , stand , stay
听（闻、尝、摸）起来：sound, smell, taste, feel
证明是：prove
e.g. His words proved right. The dish smells wonderful.
二、感叹句：感叹句有两个基本句式句式：
1）What + N. phrase + subject + be / v. !
这里的名词短语有以下三种可能：a、 a / an + adj. + 名词单数 b、adj. + 名词复数 c、adj. + 不可数名词
e.g. What a lovely boy he is! What sweet flowers they are!
What cold weather it is!
2) How + adj. + the + N.(单数、复数、不可数)+ subject + be / link-v.
e.g. How lovely the boy is! How sweet the flowers are!
How could the weather is! How smooth the silk feels!
另：上两种感叹句可以相互转换
有时, 在上下文明确的情况下，可以省略How后面的形容词。
e.g. How (fast / well)the students work! How well / beautifully)she sings!
三、反意疑问句：
1) 反意疑问句一般遵循：前面肯定，反意部分否定、前面否定反意部分肯定的原则。
e.g. He likes playing football, doesn’t he?
You don’t watch TV in the evening, do you?
注：a、当前否后肯时，要注意它的答局的意思。
e.g. She doesn’t speak English, does she?
Yes, she does.(不，她讲英语的) No, she doesn’t. (是的，不讲)
2）祈使句的反意部分用won’t you?/ shan’t we? 或will you?/ shall we? 但常用will you?/ shall we?
e.g Lend me a hand, will you? Let us pass through the room, will you?
Don’t make any noise, will you? Let’s play tennis now, shall we?
3）含有否定意思的副词：hardly、no、not、never、seldom、little、scarcely 等，属于准否定词，用于句中时，该句即为否定句。
e.g. He hardly goes home on Sundays, does he?
The little boy seldom tells lies, does he?
但是像unfair、useless、impossible、dislike等词，虽然也有否定意思，但由于它们是在一个词前加前缀dis- / im- / un- 等或在词后加后缀 -less构成的，不属于准否定词。当这些词用于句中时，该句并不是否定句，即：反意部分仍然用否定式。
e.g. You dislike the way he speaks, don’t you?
It is impossible to finish the work in three hours, isn’t it?
4) must 表示推测时，反意部分用must后面的动词的相应助动词形式。
e.g. He must know both English and French, doesn’t he?
She must have know the answer to the question, hasn’t she?
They must have visited the farm last week, didn’t they?
注意：a、Let me引起的祈使句，反意部分用will you? / won’t you? / may I?
Let’s引起的祈使句，反意部分用shall we?
b、当陈述部分的主语是：—body或—one 构成的不定代词时，反意部分的主语用he或they；是—thing 时，用it。
c、I am ….. 的反意部分用aren’t I?
四． 并列句
1、表示连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等连接。
e.g. The teacher’s name is Smith, and the student’s name is John.
2、表示选择，常用的连词有or, either…or…, otherwise等。
e.g. Hurry up, or you’ll miss the train.
3、表示转折，常用的连词有but, still, however, yet, while, when等。
e.g. He was a little man with thick glasses, but he had a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.
4、表示因果关系，常用的连词有so, for, therefore等。
e.g. August is the time of the year for rive harvest, so every day I work from dawn until dark.
注意：两个分句之间必须用一个连词连接。
五．强调句用法归纳
强调句是一种修辞，是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感而使用的一种形式，下面简单归纳它的几种结构：
1．用助动词“do（does／did）＋动词原形”来表示强调： （用于祈使句和陈述句，一般现在时和一般过去时中）
He does know the place well．他的确很熟悉这个地方。
Do write to me when you get there．你到那儿后务必给我来信。
2．用形容词very，only，single，such等修饰名词或形容词来加强语气：
That's the very textbook we used last term．这正是我们上学期用过的教材。
You are the only person here who can speak Chinese．你是这里唯一会讲汉语的人。
Not a single person has been in the shop this morning．今天上午商店里连一个人都没有
How dare you buy such expensive jewels？你怎么敢买这么贵的宝石呢？
3．用ever，never，very，just等副词和badly，highly，really等带有－l y的副词来进行强调：
Why ever did you do so？你究竟为什么要这么做？
He never said a word the whole day．一整天，他一句话也没说。
You've got to be very，very careful．你一定得非常、非常小心。
This is just what I wanted．这正是我所要的。
He was badly wounded．他伤得很严重。
I really don't know what to do next．我的确不知道下一步该怎么做。
4．用in the world，on earth，at all等介词短语可以表达更强的语气（常用于疑问句）：
Where in the world could he be？他到底会在哪儿？
What on earth is it？它究竟是什么？
Do you know at all？你到底知不知道？
5．用感叹句来表示强烈的感情，突出说话人的情感：
How interesting a story it is！这是一个多么有趣的故事啊！
Oh，what a lie！啊，真是弥天大谎！
6．用重复来表示强调：
Why！why！The cage is empty！啊！啊！箱子是空的。
They walked for miles and miles．他们走了好多英里。
7．用倒装句（也就是将要强调的句子或被强调的部分置于句首）来加强语气：
On the table were some flowers．桌上摆着一些花。（强调地点）
Many a time have I climbed that hill．我多次翻过那座山。
Only in this way，can we solve this problem．只有这样，我们才能解决这个问题。
8．用强调句型：“It is（was）＋被强调的部分＋that（who）＋原句其它部分”来强调说话人的意愿： （细解见—本届主体资料—P343）
It was on Monday night that all this happened．所有这一切发生在周一晚上。
It's me that he blamed．他怪的是我。
高考英语长难句精选
1. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theory had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique.
2. 这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。 简析：夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及两个定语从句。
2. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.
由于因特网的使用，计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你，当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。
简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词just about几乎；overtime超时地。
3. Perhaps the best sign of how computer and internet use pushes up demand for paper comes from the high-tech industry itself, which sees printing as one of its most promising new market.
或许，表明电脑及因特网使用促进人们对于纸张的需求的最好迹象源于高科技产业本身，印刷业被认为是高科技产业极有前景的新市场之一。
简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词promising有前途的。
4. The action group has also found acceptable paper made from materials other than wood, such as agricultural waste.
这个行动组也发现一种人们可接受的纸，制成这种纸的原料不是木料，而是农业废料。
简析：关键词other than而不是。
5. Mostly borrowed from English and Chinese, these terms are often changed into forms no longer understood by native speakers.
这些术语，主要从英语和汉语引入，经常会变成不再被说本族语的人们理解的形式。
简析：关键词term术语。
6. It is one of many language books that are now flying off booksellers’ shelves
它是现在很畅销的许多外语书中的一本。
简析：比喻生动形象。
7. The mass media and government white papers play an important part in the spread of foreign words.
大众传播媒介和政府白皮书（正式报告）在外国词传播过程中起重要作用。
简析：关键词the mass media and government white papers大众传播媒介和政府白皮书（正式报告）。
8.Tales from Animal Hospital will delight all fans of the programme and anyone who was a lively interest in their pet, whether it be a cat 、dog or snake!
来自动物医院（这个电视节目）的故事（这本书），将使这个电视节目的爱好者以及对无论是猫、狗还是蛇这类宠物有浓厚兴趣的任何人感到高兴。
简析：关键词fans…爱好者，whether…or…，无论是…还是…。
9. Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began.
牛顿被证明是一位很有才华的科学家，他处于一个魔术终结科学开启的历史时期，
他也有普通人所特有的弱点。
简析：夹杂两个定语从句。
10. But for all the texts that are written, stored and sent electronically, a lot of them are still ending up on paper.）
但对于所有这些以电子手段记录，贮存及传递的文本而言，许多文本仍要（打印）在纸上。
简析：关键词text文本；end up最后成为（处于）。
11.With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, according to Intermountain Therapy Animals（ITA） in salt Lake City.
据盐湖城的ITA的观点，闪烁的棕色眼睛，摇着尾巴，并有无条件的爱心，狗能成
为无判断力的（忠实的）听者，这是刚开始搞阅读的小孩所需要的。
简析：夹杂with构成的介词短语及过去分词短语。
12. The Salt Lake City public library is sold on the idea.
这家盐湖城公共图书馆接受这个观点。
简析：关键词sell on （to）使接受。
13. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.
这个岛屿，于1506年被同名的葡萄牙上将发现，在1810年有人居住，现在属于英
国，人口数有几百人。
简析：有两个过去分词短语作状语。
14. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1000 huge stone figures, called moat, for which the island is most famous.
他们已有一千多年与外界没有联系，这给他们充足的时间来修建1000多座巨大的石
像，被称为莫艾，因为有这个东西这个岛屿极其出名。
简析：夹杂有现在分词短语，过去分词短语及定语从句。
15. Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10 and they’re very interactive and creative in that they build a sense of drama based on a subject.
我们的（生日）聚会针对两到十岁的小孩，它们互动感强，富有创新，因为它们能
基于一个主题构建一种戏剧的氛围。
简析：关键词aim for 针对；in that 在于。
16. The most important idea behind the kind of party planning described here is that it brings parents and children closer together.
在这里叙述的这种筹备（生日）聚会的计划所带有的最重要的观点在于它能让父母
和孩子的关系更加密切。
简析：夹杂过去分词短语及表语从句。
17.He had realized that the words: “one of six to eight” under the first picture in the book connected the hare in some way to Katherine of Aragon, the first of Henry VIII’s six wives.
他曾认识到那本书里第一幅图画下面的那些词“一、六、八”在某些方面将这个野
兔和阿拉甘的凯撒英，即亨利八世的六个妻子当中的第一个妻子，联系起来。
简析：夹杂宾语从句及过去分词短语。
18.Until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773.
直到有一天他在阿帕斯尔公园碰巧看见两个石制的十字架，他才懂得在1773年修建
这两个十字架是为了向她表示敬意。
简析：关键词come across碰巧遇见，in one’s honor纪念某人。
六．There be 结构
There be 结构是英语中陈述事物客观存的常用句型，表示“有”，其确切含义是“存在”there 作为引导词，本身没有意义，用动词be的某些形式作为谓语动词，它的主语是用一些表示泛指或不定特指的名词词组，动词be和 主语的数必须一致。句子最后通常为表示地点和时间的状语。因此要表达“某个地方或某个时间存在什么事物或人”的时候常用“There be + 名词+ 地点（时间）这一句型。例如：
There is a great Italian deli across the street.
穿过街道，有一家大的意大利熟食店。
There are some students in the dormitory.
在宿舍里有一些学生。
（一）There be 结构中的主谓一致
1.当动词be后所接的名词是单数可数名词或不可数名词时，be 应该取单数is；当其后所接的名词是复数的可数名词时，be用复数are。
There's a man at the door.
There is some apple juice in the bottle.
There are some strangers in the street.
如果There be 后面是几个并列名词做主语时，动词be的形式和最靠近它的那个名词保持数的一致。
There is an ashtray and two bottles on the shelf.
There are two bottles and an ashtray on the shelf.
2.There be 句型也可以和这样一些的谓语动词连用：be going to 、seem to 、appear to 、used to、be likely to 、happen to ….
There seem to be a few trees between me and the green.
在我与草坪之间好像有一些树。
There is gong to be a meeting tonight.
There is likely to be a storm.
There happened to be a bus nearby.碰巧附近有辆公交车。
There appears to have been a nasty accident.似乎发生了一起严重事故。
3.there be 结构中除可以用be 外，还可以用其它动词。例如：
There came a scent of lime-blossom.飘来一阵菩提树的花香。
Once upon a time there lived a king in China.从前中国有一个国王。
（二）There be 句型的否定句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和反意疑问句
1.There be 句型的否定句有两种构成方式，一种是将否定副词not放在be 之后，如：
There isn’t a box in the room.
There hasn’t been any rain for a week.
另一种是在主语前加上不定代词no , 如：
There is no water in the bottle.
There are no pictures on the wall.
2.There be 句型的反意疑问句
There is a cup on the table, isn’t there?
There are a lot of letters in the mailbox, aren’t there?
There will be a new hospital nearby, won’t there?
（三）There be 结构的非谓语动词形式
There be 结构的非谓语动词形式是there to be 和there being 两种形式。在句中作主语、宾语和状语。
1. there being 结构起名词的作用，直接位于句首作主语，通常用it 作形式主语，并且用for引导。
There being a bus stop near my house is a great advantage.我家旁边有个公共汽车站，很是方便。
It is impossible for there to be any more.
不可能再有了。
2. there be 结构作宾语时，通常用there to be ，常作这样一些词的宾语：expect，like, mean, intend, want,prefer,hate等。
I expect there to be no argument about this.
我期望关于这件事不要再争吵了。
I should prefer there to be no discussion of my private affairs.
我宁愿不要讨论我的私事。
People don’t want there to be another war.
人们不希望再有战争了。
3. 作状语的there be 形式，通常用“there being”结构。
There being nothing else to do , we went home.
They closed the door , there being no customers.
因为没有顾客，他们的店关门了。
（四）There be 结构和have的区别与联系
1.区别点：there be 意为存在，强调某地有某物，不表示所属关系,一般带地点状语；have 表示所有关系， 强调某人或某地有某物，这是其基本用法。如：
There are some trees in front of the house.
Tom has many friends in China.
2.相同点：在表示结构上的含有时，既可以用there be 句型，也可以用have（has） 来表示。
中国有许多长河。
There are many long rivers in China.
China has many long rivers.
三月份有多少天？
How many days are there in March?
How many days has March?
七．高考考点探讨
1、简单句的五大句型是最基本的句型。虽然近几年单纯考查这种基础句型的题不多，但是在阅读中有时需借助于划分句子成分去理解，在书面表达中，没有最基本的遣词造句的能力是不可能用地道的英语句子来表达清楚的。
2、祈使句、反意疑问句和感叹句是高考命题的热点之一。有时把祈使句与反意疑问句结合于一体来考查。一个题目，几个考点，是近几年命题的发展趋势。
3、高考对简单句、并列句和各种复合句的考查常表现在对连词的选择和使用上。如：and, but, or, while，以及其它连接名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的连接词、关联词。
4、各种主从复合句的考查常常与动词的时态联系在一起，以宾语从句与状语从句最为明显，时间从句与条件从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句则用一般式表将来，这一点在高考中经常考查。
如：We will go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow。
【各个击破】
1. ______ nice weather it is! Let’s go out for a walk, shall we? (04西城４月)
A. How B. How a C. What a D. What
2. —Nothing wrong with it, _____? (04 南京质检)
—No. Yours is a special-built model. Drive carefully, though. It takes time to run in a new car.
A. is it B. has it C. are they D. is there
3. He had little idea that it was getting so late, _______? (04 长春调研)
A. didn’t he B. wasn’t it C. did he D. was it
4. Polly must be unhappy without me, _____ she?
A. must B. is C. mustn’t D. isn’t
5. I’m late, ____?
A. am I B. am not I C. aren’t I D. aren’t you
6. Let’s go to the cinema, ____?
A. shall we B. will you C. will we D. don’t we
7. —— She didn’t come to school yesterday, did she?
—— ____, though she was not feeling very well.
A. No, she didn’t B. Yes, she didn’t C. No, she did D. Yes, she did
8. —— Alice, you feed (喂) the bird today, ____ ?
—— But I fed it yesterday.
A. do you B. will you C. didn’t you D. don’t you
9. The boy is unlike his mother, ____ he?
A. is B. isn’t C. doesn’t D. does
10. Do be careful when you cross the street, ____ you?
A. don’t B. aren’t C. will D. must
09年高考题
1. (09安徽） – I wonder how much you charge for your services.
-- The first two are free the third costs $30.
A. while B. until C. when D. before
2.（09北京）John plays basketball well, _____his favorite sport is badminton.
A. so B. or C. yet D. for
3. (09北京）You may use room as you like ____ you clean it up afterwards
A. so far as B. so long as C. in case D. even if
4.（09北京）At first he hated the new job but decided to give himself a few months to see___ it got any better.
A. when B. how C. why D. if
5.（09湖南） ______ the police thought he was the most likely one, since they had no exact proof about it, they could not arrest him.
A. Although B. As long as C. If only D. As soon as
6.（09山东）------shall we have our picnic tomorrow?
-----______it doesn’t rain.
A. Until B. While C. Once D. If
7.（09四川）Owen wouldn’t eat anything ____________ he cooked it himself
A. until B. since C. unless D. while
8．（09浙江）The medicine works more effectively ______ you drink some hot water after taking it.
A. as B. until C. although D. if
08高考题
1（安徽）32. -----Have you got any particular plans for the coming holiday?
----- Yes, _______, I’m going to visit some homes for the old in the city.
A. If ever B. If busy C. If anything D. If possible
2（福建）30. – Who should be responsible for the accident?
– The boss, not the workers. They just carried out the order _____.
A. as told B. as are told C. as telling D. as they told
3（湖南）23. I thought we’d be late for the concert, __we ended up getting there ahead of time.
A. but B. or C. so D. for
4（湖南）24. _______ the website of the Fire Department in your city, and you will learn a lot about Firefighting.
Having searched B. To search C. Searching D.Search
5（江苏）32. ______ you eat the correct foods ______ be able to keep fit and stay healthy.
A. only if; will you B. Only if; you will
C. Unless; will you D. Unless; you will
6（江西）22. My English teacher’s humor was ____ make every student burst into laughter.
A. so as to B. such as to
C. such that D. so that
7（江西）31. It was announced that only when the fire was under control ___ to return to their homes.
A. the residents would be permitted B. had the residents been permitted
C. would be residents be permitted D. the residents had been permitted
8（辽宁）35. Bill wasn’t happy about the delay of the report by Jason, and ______.
A. I was neither B. neither was I C. I was either D. either was I
9(全国II)13. Stand over there ___ you’ll be able to see the oil painting better.
A. but B. till C. and D. or
10(全国II)20. It was in New Zealand ___ Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith.
A. that B. how C. which D. when
11（陕西）7. Not until the motorbike looked almost new _____ repairing and cleaning it.
A. he stopped B. did he stop C. stopped he D. he did stop
12（天津）8. It was along the Mississippi River _______ Mark Twain spent much of his childhood.
A. how B. which C. that D. where
13（重庆卷）22. It was not until midnight __ they reached the camp site.
A .that B. when C. while D. as
14（重庆卷）26. Only when I left my parents for Italy __ how much I loved them.
A. I realized B. I had realized
C. had I realized D. did I realize
15（重庆卷）32. The artist was born poor, __ poor he remained all his life.
A. and B. or C. but D. so
16(上海)39. So much of interest ___ that most visitors simply run out of time before seeing it all.
A. offers Beijing B.Beijing offers
C. does Beijing offer D. Beijing does offer
07年高考题
1. If Joe’s wife won’t go to the party, ____.[全国卷II]
A. he will either B. neither will he C. he neither will D. either he will
2. —How was the televised debate last night?
—Super! Rarely ______ so much media attention. [上海卷]
A. a debate attracted B. did a debate attract
C. a debate did attract D. attracted a debate
3. The little boy came riding full speed down the motorway on his bicycle. ______ it was! [上海卷]
A. What a dangerous scene B. What dangerous a scene
C. How a dangerous scene D. How dangerous the scene
4. Little _______ that we were watching his every move, so he seemed to be going his own way in this business. [安徽卷]
A. he realized B. he didn't realize
C. didn't he realize D. did he realize
5. In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than ________.[安徽卷]
A. that used to be B. it is used to
C. it was used to D. it used to be
6. Between the two generations, it is often not their age, _________ their education that causes misunderstanding. [全国卷I]
A. like B. as C. or D. but
7. You have failed two tests.You’d better start working harder,____you won’t pass the course. [北京卷]
A.and B. so C. but D. or
8. When you’ve finished with that book,don’t forget to put it back one the shelf,____? [北京卷]
A. do you B. don’t you C. will you D. won’t you
9. Reality is not the way you wish things to be, nor the way they appear to be, ________the way they actually are. [湖南卷]
A. as B. or C. but D. and
10. You may not have played very well today, but at least you’ve got through to the next round and ______.[ 江苏卷]
A. tomorrow never comes B. tomorrow is another day
C. never put off till tomorrow D. there is no tomorrow
11. —My room gets very cold at night.
—___________.[江苏卷]
A. So is mine B. So mine is C. So does mine D. So mine does
12. I don’t mind her criticizing me,but is how she does it that I object to. [江西卷]
A.it B.that C.this D.which
13. that Maric was able to set up new branches clsewhere. [陕西卷]
A.So successful her business was B.So successful was her business
C.So her business was successful D. so was her successful business
14. If you talk nice and polite, people listen to you. If you shout, this is no good, ? [上海春]
A．do you B．don’t you C．is it D．isn’t it
15. It is imagination makes the world colorful, full of vigor and vitality. [上海春]
A．where B．what C．that D．when
16. —Did you see who the driver was? [上海春]
—No, so quickly_________ that I couldn’t gat a good look at his face.
A．did the car speed by B．the car sped by
C．does the car speed by D．the car speeds by
17. I'd like to study law at university ________ my cousin prefers geography. [四川卷]
A. though B. as C. while D. for
18. It _____ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks ____ I found we had a lot in common. [浙江卷]
A. was until; when B. was until; that
C. wasn’t until; when D. wasn’t until; that
19. It is not who is right but what is right ______ is of importance. [重庆卷]
A. which B. it C. that D. this
20. _______, his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting. [2007 重庆卷]
A. Strange as might it soun B. As it might sound strange
C. As strange it might soun D. Strange as it might sound
21. I have been living in the United States for twenty years, but seldom _____ so lonely as now. [辽宁]
A. have I felt B. I had felt C. I have felt D. Had I felt
22. Help others whenever you can ______ you will make the world a nicer place to live in. [辽宁卷]
A．and B．or C．unless D．but
第十一讲 名词性从句和定语从句
【考点点拨】
一．名词性从句
名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，相当于一个名词的功能。
主语从句
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
宾语从句
I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。
表语从句
The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。
同位语从句
The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。
近几年高考对名词性从句的考查重点如下：
【考点1】名词性从句中引导词that与what的使用场合。
1． that 引导名词性从句时，不在从句中充当任何成分，只起连接作用；而what是连接代词，在从句中充当成分。
① ______ made the school proud was _______ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. (2003上海春季)
A. What / because B. What / that C. That / what D. That / because
2．that在主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中不可省略, 但当有两个和两个以上的宾语从句并列时，第二个从句以下的that不可省略。
如：She said (that) she had left school and that her parents would find her a job.
② Word comes ________ a group of Australian guests will come to visit our school next week.
A. that B. which C. 不填 D. about which (2005天津·2月)
3．介词后的宾语从句常用what，whether引导，不用that，which引导。但在介词besides，except，in后可用that引导宾语从句。在有it作先行词时，that可用来引导介词后的宾语从句。
③ The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ____ I thought was a dangerous speed.
A. as B. which C. what D. that (2004上海春季)
【考点2】名词性从句中引导词whether与if 的用法区别。
引导及物动词或形容词后的宾语从句
可以互换的场合： He is not sure if / whether he can manage to do it.
当与or not分开使用时
He wondered if / whether we will attend the meeting or not.
引导表语从句、同位语从句及位于句首的主语从句
只能用whether不能用if的场合： 引导介词后的宾语从句（有时可省略）
后面紧跟or not时
后面直接跟动词不定式时
④ _____ the flight to New York will be delayed is ____ I’m especially worried about. (2003南京)
A. If ; what B. Whether ; that C. When ; that D. Whether ; what
【考点3】在动词：一坚持（insist）、二命令（order，command）、三建议（suggest，advise，propose）、四要求（demand，require，request，ask）后的宾语从句和这些动词的过去分词后的主语从句，以及这些动词的名词引出的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语部分常用（should）do形式。
⑤ I advised that he _____ to the hospital at once, but he insisted that he _____ quite well then.
A. be sent; was feeling B. was sent; sent
C. be sent; feel D. should be sent; should feel (2005年山东·2月)
【考点4】名词性从句的语序只能是陈述句语序，宾语从句的时态应该与主句的谓语动词的时态保持一致。
⑥ They are teachers and don’t realize ______ to start and run a company. (2004 黄冈)
A. what takes it B. what they take C. what takes them D. what it takes
【考点5】whoever，whichever，whatever，whenever，wherever和however在引导名词性从句时不可与no matter who / which / what/ when/ where / how 替换，因为后者只能引导让步状语从句。
⑦ —— Have a nice trip!
—— Thanks. I’ll telephone you from _____ I get to by tomorrow evening. (2004 广州)
A. wherever B. every place C. whenever D. no matter where
二．定语从句：
定语从句三步：第一找出先行词（被修饰的那个名词或代词）；第二看从句缺少什么成份（如主语、宾语或状语）；第三选择合适的引导词。
从句中所缺成份
指人
指物
主语
that who
that which
宾语
(that who whom)
(that which)
时间状语
when =相应的介词+ which
地点状语
Where =相应的介词+ which
---的
whose 或 of which
注意：引导词在介词后，指人只能用 whom 指物只能用which
基础知识训练：
Ⅰ.改错：
1、He told us about the countries where he had visited.
2、Egypt is a country where is famous for its pyramids.
3、China is the country which he spent the best part of his life.
4、The days when we spent together cannot be easily forgotten.
5、The house stands at the place that the two roads meet.
6、We shall visit the college where his father teaches there.
7、I know the reason that she looks so worried.
8、He left me the book, that is very useful for me.
9、This is the room which food is kept.
10、April 15, 1976 is the day when we’ll never forget.
11、The man came yesterday is our English teacher.
12、I know the student was praised at the meeting last week.
13、This is all which I can do for you.
14、Can you think of anyone who’s house was here?
15、The watch that Mother bought it for me works very well.
16、This is the only book that were borrowed from the library.
17、The day which she had to leave arrived at last.
18、The doctor whom they want to see have come.
19、Do you know the young man whom has been chosen chairman?
20、The park stands at the place that the two rivers meet.
21、A plane is a machine can fly.
22、It is one of the best pictures which have been sold.
23、Those that wants to go put up your hands.
24、This is the knife with that the doctor did the operation.
25、Who is the man whom you said hello just now?
Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks：
1、This is the professor taught me chemistry in 1980 .
2、The hospital was built five years ago has been modernized.
3、This is the boy father died three years ago.
4、The film we saw the day before yesterday is very interesting.
5、Do you know the student was praised at the meeting?
6、1949 is the year the People’s Republic of China was founded.
7、They work in a factory makes radio parts.
8、They work in a factory radio parts are made.
9、This is the vision phone through we can see and talk to our friends.
10、Here are players from Japan, some of are our old friends.
11、She lives in a small village, is only three miles from here.
12、She is going to spend the summer holidays in Shanghai, she has some friends.
13、We’ll put off the meeting till next week, we won’t be so busy.
14、The sun gives the earth light and heat, is very important to the living things.
15、Those want to go to the computer room write your names here.
16、He was often late, made his teacher very angry.
17、Who is the person is standing at the gate?
18、He talked about the teachers and schools he had visited.
【答案】：
1、where－that 2、where－which 3、which -where
4、when—that which 5、that—where 6、去掉there
7、that—why 8、that—which 9、which—where
10、when—which that 11、man后面加who 12、students后面加who
13、which—that 14、who’s—whose 15、去掉it
16、were—was 17、which—when 18、have—has
19、whom—who 20、that—where
21、machine后面加which that 22、which—that 23、wants—want
24、that—which 25、whom—that
1、who / that 2、which / that 3、whose 4、which / that
5、who / that 6、when 7、which / that 8、where
9、which 10、whom 11、which 12、where
13、when 14、which 15、who 16、which
17、that 18、that
高考对定语从句的考查常涉及以下几个方面：
【考点6】正确区别限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的结构；理解关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中的作用；特别注意指代整个主句内容的关系代词which引导的非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句，从意义上来说，是对主语的补充说明，从结构上来看，先行词和定语从句之间用逗号隔开，He makes great progress in his English learning, which makes his mother very happy.
⑧ I shall never forget the day _____ Shenzhou V was launched, _____ has a great effect on my life.
A. when; which B. that; which C. which; that D. when; that (2004北京东城)
【考点7】关系代词that，who，which以及as的用法区别。
指人时常只用who不用that的情况；
指物时只用which不用that的情况；
只用that不用which的情况；
关系代词as与which的用法区别；
the same … that … 与the same … as …的区别:
1 其中that, who(whom)，都可以指人，那么他们在指人时有什么区别呢。[本条记忆技巧：用who 不用 that 的情况 “there be” “one，ones，anyone，nobody, those ” 被分割。 那里有(there)很多万(one)被那些人(those)分割。]
<1>先行词为those, one, anyone, nobody 等词时，用who不用that,例如：The one who knows me well is Tom.
<2>在分隔型定语从句中，若先行词是人，用 who不用that, 例：
A new teacher will come who will teach you German.
在本句中，先行词“teacher”和修饰限定它的从句 “who will teach you German ” 分离，所以我们用 who 不用 that。
<3>先行词为“there be”结构的主语时，例如
There is a man who wants to see you.
在本句子当中a man是There is a man 这句当中的主语，所以用who不用that
2其中，that 和 which 都可以指物，它们在指物时的区别：
用that不用which
<1>先行词前有形容词最高级,序数词,all, every, little, no, any, much, the only, the very, the last 等修饰时，例如：
I have read all the books that you gave me.
<2>先行词为all, few, nothing, everything, little, much 等不定代词时：
He did all that he could do to help us.
<3>主语以who或which开头时
Who is the man that just called you just now?
<4>关系代词在从句中做表语时
China is not the country that is was.
<5>既指人又指物时
He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited.
2, 先行词表示物时, 用which不用that 的情况
<1> 引导非限制性定语从句时,例如:
She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart to her mouth.
<2>当关系代词做介词宾语时,例如:
He wrote a book in which he could learn about his life.
在上一例句中,引导词 “which”作了介词 “in”的宾语,所以不可以用 “that”代替.
关于as
1在一些结构，如“such …as” “the same…as” “as…as”等结构中，定语从句的引导 词经常要用到as，例如
This is not such a book as I expected.
the same as和the same that 的区别。例句： This is the same tool as I used last time.
This is the same tool that I used last time.
在例句中，第一句的意思是这个工具和我上次用的一样，但是第二句的意思是这就是我上次用的工具
2 as 和which 的比较
相同点：两者都可以引导非限制性定语从句，先行词都可以是整个句子，都可以在从句中 做主语，宾语表语。
不同点: <1> as 引导的从句可以放在句首和句尾，而which 引导的从句只可放在句尾。 <2>as 还有正如、正象的意思。
As Marx pointed out, labor created man himself.
当先行词，虽然表示时间地点，但是引导词在从句中不是做状语，而是做宾语时，不能用when, where引导，而只能用that, which 等引导。比较以下两个句字：
I will never forget the days when I first went to Beijing .
I will never forget the days that (which) we spent together
⑨ There is no such place ___ you dream of in all this world. (2004北京西城·5月)
A. that B. what C. which D. as
【考点8】区别that引导的定语从句与that引导的同位语从句。that引导同位语从句时，that是纯连词，在从句中不充当任何成分；that引导定语从句时，that是关系代词，在从句中充当主语或宾语等。
比较：
The news that they had won the game arrived soon.
The news that you told me yesterday is true.
⑩ Is this the reason _____ at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? (2002上海春季)
A. he explained B. what he explained
C. how he explained D. why he explained
【考点9】定语从句中谓语动词须与先行词在人称与数上保持一致。
⑾ He is the only one of the students who ________ a winner of scholarship in three years.
A. is B. are C. have been D. has been (2002上海春季)
【考点10】在先行词为time，place，reason时，常可用that代替when，where，why，并常常省去。
如：That was the reason (that) / why / for which he left home.
⑿ What surprised me was not what he said but _______ he said it. (2004湖北)
A. the way B. in the way that C. in the way D. the way which
【考点11】定语从句应特别注意的几个问题
Ⅰ．关系代词which
例1． The Greens will move into the new house next Monday, ＿＿＿＿＿it will be completely finished．
A． by the time B． by which time C． thatD． which
例2．Water boils at 100℃, ＿＿＿＿＿it changes to gas．
A． at which temperature B． at which C． by which temperature D． by which
析：which 引导定语从句时，在从句中除了作主语或宾语外，还可以作定语修饰名词，常用于“介词＋which＋名词”结构中，相当于“and＋介词＋this／that＋名词”。所以例1选B；例2选A。
Ⅱ．关系副词when
例1．Could you suggest a time＿＿＿＿＿it would fit you to visit us and try out the machine﹖
例2．Think of a time＿＿＿＿＿you were happiest．(Senior3,L93)
例3．There was a time＿＿＿＿＿all scientists were willing to share their results．（Senior3,L3）
A． that B． when C． which D． where
析：当先行词为a time(一段时间)时，引导定语从句的关系词常用when，而不采用that，故以上例题均选B。在我们课本中类似的句子还有：①This was at a time when there was no radio, TV or cinema．(Senior2,L70) ②It’s about a time when there were black slaves in North America．(Senior1,L53)
Ⅲ．关系代词but
例：There is no one ＿＿＿＿＿wishes peace．
A． who B． but C． that D． whom
析：本题句意为“没有人不希望和平。”but作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。but相当于who ／ that don’t ／ doesn’t，but本身含有否定意义。故本题选B。
Ⅳ．定语从句与强调句及其他从句的混合
例1．It was in the small house＿＿＿＿was built with stones by his father＿＿＿＿he spent his childhood．
A． whichthat B． thatwhere C． whichwhich D． wherethat
析：分析句子结构可知，本句的主句为强调句型，第一空应由关系代词引导定语从句修饰先行词house。故本题选A。
例2．The meeting was put off, ＿＿＿＿was exactly＿＿＿＿we wanted．
A． which
