爱华网present perfect: finishedactions and events(details)
现在完成时态：已经结束的行为和事件
Typical mistakes:
典型错误：
*I can't go on holiday because I broke myleg.
* According to latest reports, government forces pushed back therebels and retook the town.
* Who has given you that lovely necklace?
* Some people think that Pericles has not boon written byShakespeare.
* Have you had good weather last weekend?
* I've seen Mary yesterday.
1 Use ofthe present perfect
现在完成时态的使用
a The present perfect simple is often used totalk about finished actions and events. This normally happens whenthe past events have some present importance, and when we couldmake a present tense sentence (with a similarmeaning) about the same situation.
一般现在完成时经常用于谈论已经结束的行为和事件。常见于过去的事件对现在来说是重要的，以及可以用现在时态的句子（意思相近）谈论相同的状态。
The President has been assassinated. (= The President isdead.)
总统遇刺。（=总统死了。）
I'vebeen all over Africa. 我跨越过非洲。(= I know Africa well.)（我很了解非洲。）
We often use the present perfect to give news: it is especiallycommon in reports, letters and conversations.
我们经常用现在完成时态来说新闻：尤其常见于报道、信函、会话。
Fire has broken out on board an oil tanker in the NorthSea.北海一艘油船的甲板上失火。
According to latest reports, government forces have pushedback
the rebels and retaken the town.据最新报道，政府军已经击溃叛军并夺回该镇。
I'm delighted to tell you that you've passed yourexam.我很高兴通知你你已经通过考试。
Mary's had her baby - it's a boy.玛丽有一个孩子——是男孩。
I can't go on holiday because I've broken my leg.我没能去度假，我腿折了。
(Note the present element in these examples: a fire is burning;government forces are occupying a town; somebody has anew qualification; there is a new baby; somebodyhas a broken leg.)
（注意这些例句里的现在成分：大火在燃烧；政府军占领着该镇；某人有新的能力；有一新的小孩；某人腿折了。）
b The present perfect is alsoused to talk about past actions which are not recent, but which are'still with us' as part of our experience and knowledge.
现在完成时态也用于谈论过去的行为而该行为不是最近发生的，但是该行为作为经历和知识的一部分一直伴随着我们。
I've travelled a lot in America.我游历了美国很多地方。 (= I knowAmerica.)（我了解美国。）
Have you read 'War and Peace'?你看过《战争与和平》吗？ (=Do you know 'War andPeace'?)（=你知道《战争与和平吗》？）
I've never had scarlet fever. 我从未患过猩红热。(So I can still getit.)（所以我一直可能会得猩红热。）
2 Cases when the present perfect is notused
不使用现在完成时态的情况
When we cannot make a present-tense sentence with asimilarmeaning, we do not normally use the present perfect (even if we aregiving 'news').
类似的意思，可以不用现在完成时态的句子（即便是新闻报道）。
Granny hit met.葛若艾尼打我。
John said the most horrible things toMelissa.约翰对麦丽莎说了最糟糕的事了。
What was that noise?那噪音是什么？
We do not use the present perfect to explain the origin or cause ofsomething that people already know about.
不用现在完成时态解释大家已经知道的事由。
Compare:
比较：
Some fool's let the cat in.蠢货让猫进来了。
'Who let that cat in?' ‘谁让猫进来的？’- 'I did.'‘我让的。’
In the first sentence, the speaker is announcing a presentsituation
(the cat is in); in the second sentence, the speakers alreadyknow
that the cat is in, and are talking about the past cause ofthis
situation.
第一个句子，说话人说了现在的状态（猫在里面）；第二个句子，说话人已经知道猫进
来了，说的是这状态的过去的原因。
More examples:
Who gave you that lovely necklace? 谁给你这可爱的项链？
Some people think that Pericles was not written byShakespeare.有些人
认为培里克斯不是莎士比亚写的。
That's a nice picture. 那是一副好画。Did you paint ityourself?是你自
己画的吗？
I'm glad you were born.我很高兴你出生了。
3 Time-expressions
时间的表达
a The present perfect is often usedwith 'indefinite'time-expressons
which mean 'at any time up to now' or 'by now'.
现在完成时态经常和表达‘非确定时间’的词语一起使用，其意为‘从某时刻起到现
在’或‘刚才’。
Examples are: ever, never, yet, already, before.
Have you ever seen an iceberg?你见过冰山吗？
She's never been kissed. 她从未接吻过。
Has Lucy telephoned yet? 露丝还打过电话吗？
I've already broken three cups. 我已打坏了三个杯子。Shall I go on
washing up?我还要继续洗吗？
I'm sure we've met before.我肯定我们以前见过面。
In negative sentences, when we say that things have nothappened,
since and for are often used (for the difference, see493.2a).
在否定句里，谈到没有发生的事，经常用到since和for
I haven't seen a film for weeks.我几周没看电影了。
She hasn't written to me since September.自九月起，她没有写信给我。
In British English, the present perfect is used with just to talkabout
very recent events. (Americans usually use the past simplewith
just).英国英语，现在完成时态用于谈论最近的事件。（美国人通常用一般过去时
。）
'Where's Barbara?' 芭芭拉在哪？- 'She's just gone out.'她刚出去。
(US: 'She just wentout.')
I've just fallen downstairs.我刚下楼。
But note that a past tense is used with just now (which can meanthe
same as just).
但是注意过去时态可以和just now（刚刚才a shorttime ago）一起使用（意思和
just一样）
I fell downstairs just now. 我刚刚才下楼。(Not: *I've just now fallen downstairs.)
b 'Definite' time-expressions(like today, this week, this morning)are not often used with the present perfect whenwe talk about finished events.
谈论已结束的事件，表达确定时间的词语（像today,this week, thismorning）不常用于现在完成时态。
Compare:
I've spoken to the boss about my holiday. 我和老板谈了我的假期。
I spoke to the boss today about my holiday.我今天和老板谈了我的假期。
(Not: *I've spoken...today.)
Withexpressions of finished time (like yesterday, lastweek, in 1965, when ..., then, three yearsago), the present perfect is normallyimpossible.
现在完成时态通常不可能和表示已结束了的时间词语（像yesterday, last week, in 1965, 当...时，然后，三年前）一起使用。
Compare:
比较：
I haven't seen Alice since August. 自从八月我就没见过爱丽丝。
I saw Mary yesterday. 我昨天见过玛丽。(Not: *I haveMen Mary yesterday.)
Fire has broken out on board an oil tanker in the NorthSea.在北海的一艘油轮的甲板上发生了大火。
Fire broke out last night on board an oiltanker...昨晚一艘油轮的甲板上发生了大火。
Mary's had her baby - it's a boy. 玛丽生孩子了——是男孩。
Mary had her baby yesterday morning - it's aboy.玛丽昨天早上生了孩子——是男孩。
I've been all overAfrica.我穿越过整个非洲。
I went all over Africa in 1965. 1965年我穿越了整个非洲。
When did you go toAfrica?你何时去的非洲？
The presentperfect is not used when we are thinking about aparticular finished point of time (even if we do not mentionit).
现在完成时态不用于谈论特定的时间点（即使不提及时间点）
'Compare:
Have you seen 'Romeo and Juliet? 你看过‘罗密欧与朱丽叶’吗？(-Haveyou ever seenit?)（你曾经看过它吗？）
Did you see 'Romeo and Juliet'?你看了‘罗密欧与朱丽叶’吗 (= Did yousee the production on TV lastnight?)（=你昨晚看电视片了吗）
4 AmericanEnglish
美国英语
In AmericanEnglish, the past simple is often used to give news.
美国英语，一般过去时态经常用于讲述新闻。
Did you hear the news? 你听到新闻了吗？Switzerland declared war onMongolia!瑞士对摩洛哥宣战了。
(GB: Switzerland has declared war...) （英国英语：瑞士宣战...）
Er, honey... I crashed the car. (GB:... I've crashed thecar.)
Lucy just called. (GB: Lucy has just called.)
5 Special structures
特殊结构
a The present perfect is used in a special wayafter expressions like This is the firsttime...
像This is the first time等特殊短语之后，使用现在完成时态。
This is the first time I've drunk Californian champagne.
这是第一次我喝加利福利亚香槟醉了。
b Note the present tense in expressions like It'sa long time since...
注意像It's a long timesince...里用现在时态
It's a long time since I heard from Peter.我好久没有收到皮特的信了。
It's ten years since Arabella left me.阿里贝拉离开我有十年了。
A negativeis not used after this structure.
这个结构后面，不用否定句。
Typicalmistake:
*It's a long time since you didn't come to seeme.
