爱华网弗朗西斯·培根是英国文艺复兴时期最重要的散文家、哲学家。他不但在文学、哲学上多有建树，在自然科学领域里，也取得了重大成就。他的第一部重要著作《随笔》最初发表于1597年，以后又逐年增补。该书文笔言简意赅、智睿夺目，它包含许多洞察秋毫的经验之谈，其中不仅论及政治而且还探讨许多人生哲理。下面小编为大家带来培根经典散文随笔，希望大家喜欢!
培根经典散文随笔：论复仇Revenge is a kind of wild justice; which the more man's nature runs to, the more ought law to weed it out For as for the first wrong, it doth but offend the law; but the revenge of that wrong, putteth the law out of office. Certainly, in taking revenge, a man is but even with his enemy; but in passing it over, he is superior: for it is a prince's part to pardon. And Solomon, I am sure, saith, It is the glory of a man to pass by an offence. That which is past, is gone, and irrevocable; and wise men have enough to do, with things present, and to come: therefore, they do but trifle with themselves, that labour in past matters. There is no man doth a wrong, for the wrong's sake; but thereby to purchase himself profit, or pleasure, or honour, or the like. Therefore why should I be angry with a man, for loving himself better than me?
复仇是一种野生的裁判。人类底天性越是向着它，法律就越应当耘除它。因为头一个罪恶不过是触犯了法律;可是报复这件罪恶的举动却把法律底位子夺了。无疑地，复了仇不过使一个人和他底仇人得平而已，但若置而不较，他就比他底仇人高出一等了;因为宽宥仇敌是君王底气概也。确信所罗门有言：“人有怨仇而不报是他底光荣”。过去的事情是已经过去了，并且是叫不回来了;明智的人留心现在和将来的事情已经够忙的了;所以那些劳劳于过去的事情的人简直是枉费心力而已。没有人是为了作恶而作恶的;而是为了要给自己取得利益、乐趣、或荣誉、或类此的事情的。因此为什么我要对着某人因为他爱自己胜于爱我而生气呢?
And if any man should do wrong, merely out of ill nature, why, yet it is but like the thorn, or briar, which prick, and scratch, because they can do no other. The most tolerable sort of revenge, is for those wrongs which there is no law to remedy: but then, let a man take heed the revenge be such as there is no law to punish: else, a man's enemy is still before hand, and it is two for one. Some, when they take revenge, are desirous the party should know whence it cometh: this is the more generous. For the delight seemeth to be, not so much in doing the hurt, as in making the party repent: but base and crafty cowards are like the arrow that flieth in the dark. Cosmus, Duke of Florence, had a desperate saying, against perfidious or neglecting friends, as if those wrongs were unpardonable: You shall read (saith he) mat we are commanded to forgive our enemies; but you never read, that we are commanded to forgive our friends. But yet the spirit of Job, was in a better tune; Shall we (saith he) take good at God's hands, and not be content to take evil also? And so of friends in a proportion. This is certain; that a man that studieth revenge, keeps his own wounds green, which otherwise would heal, and do well. Public revenges, are, for the most part, fortunate; as that for the death of Caesar, for the death of Pertinax; for the death of Henry the Third of France; and many more. But in private revenges it is not so. Nay rather, vindictive persons live the life of witches; who as they are mischievous, so end they unfortunate.
并且即令有人纯粹因为生性本恶而作了恶，那又怎么样?也不过象荆棘一样;荆棘刺人抓人因为它们不会作别的事啊。复仇中最可原谅的一种就是为了报没有法律纠正的那一种仇的;可是在这种情形里那报仇的人也应当留神，他那报复的行为要没有法律惩罚才好;否则他底仇人仍然要占先的，因为二人之间吃亏底比例乃是二比一也。有些人在报仇底时节要对方知道这报复是从那里来的。这是比较地大量;因为报仇底痛快处似乎不在使对方受苦而在使对方悔罪也。那些卑劣狡猾的懦夫则有如暗中的飞箭。科斯谟斯，佛罗棱司底大公，曾有句锋锐的话是说无义和忘恩的朋友的。他底意思好象这些罪过是不可恕似的，他说：“你可以在圣书中读到基督教我们饶恕我们底敌人的话，可是你永远读不到有教我们饶恕我们底朋友的话”。然而约伯底精神则调高一格。他说：“难道我们从上帝手中只要好的而不要坏的么”?以此例推于朋友，亦当如斯。的确，一个人要是念念不忘复仇，他就是把自己底伤口常使其如新，这伤口若不是这人老在思想报复，是会痊愈的。公仇底报复多半是结局较佳的：例如为凯撒之死，为破提拿克斯之死，为法兰西王亨利第三之死以及许多类此的复仇事件是也。然而在私仇底报复上则不如斯。反之，衔怨深而喜报复的人所度的生活是妖巫一般的生活。这种人活着的时候于人不利，死了也是于己不幸。
培根经典散文随笔：论困厄It was an high speech of Seneca (after the manner of the Stoics) that the good things which belong to prosperity are to be wished; but the good things that belong to adversity are to be admired. Bona rerum secudarum optabilia; adversarum mirabilia.
“幸运底好处是应当希望的;但是厄运底好处是应当惊奇叹赏的”，这是塞奈喀仿画廊派的高论。
Certainly if miracles be the command over nature, they appear most in adversity. It is yet a higher speech of his than the other (much too high for a heathen): It is true greatness to have in one the fragility of a man and the security of a God. Vere magnum habere fragilitaterm hominis securitatem da. This would have done better in poesy; where transcendencies are more allowed. And the poets indeed, have been busy with it; for it is, in effect, the thing which is figured in that strange fiction of the ancient poets, which seemeth not to be without mystery; nay, and to have some approach to the state of a Christian: that Hercules when he went to unbind Prometheus (by whom human nature is represented) sailed the length of the great ocean in an earthen pot or pitcher: lively describing Christian resolution; that saileth, in the frail barque of the flesh, through the waves of the world.
无疑地，如果奇迹底意思是“超越自然”，那么奇迹多是在厄运中出现的。塞氏还有一句比这更高的话(这话由一个异教徒说出，几乎是太高了)：“一个人有凡人底脆弱而又有神仙底自在无忧，那就是真正的伟大”。这句话如果是一句诗，也许更好一点，因为在诗里头，高夸的说法，好象是更为可许似的。诗人们也真的常说这句话，因为这句话实际就是古诗人常述的那个奇谈中所表现的——而这个奇谈又似乎非无深义的;不特如此，它所描写的还很有点接近基督徒底情形呢——那就是当赫扣力斯去解放普罗密修斯的时候(普罗密修斯是象征人性的)他坐在一个瓦盆或瓦罐里渡过了大海。基督徒以血肉之躯的轻舟渡过世间底波涛的决心，这故事很生动地描写出来了。
But to speak in a mean.The virtue of prosperity is temperance; the virtue of adversity is fortitude:which in morals is the more heroical virtue. Prosperity is the blessing of the Old Testament; adversity is the blessing of the New; which carrieth the greater benediction, and the clearer revelation of God's favour. Yet, even in the Old Testament, if you listen to David's harp, you shall hear as many hearselike airs, as carols: and the pencil of the Holy Ghost hath laboured more, in describing the afflictions of Job, than the felicities of Solomon. Prosperity is not without many fears and distastes; and adversity is not without comforts and hopes. We see in needlework, and embroideries, it is more pleasing to have a lively work upon a sad and solemn ground, than to have a dark and melancholy work, upon a lightsome ground: judge therefore, of the pleasure of the heart, by the pleasure of the eye. Certainly, virtue is like precious odours, most fragrant when they are incensed, or crushed: for prosperity doth best discover vice; but adversity doth best discover virtue.
但是用平凡的话来说，幸运所生的德性是节制，厄运所生的德性是坚忍;在伦理上讲起来，后者是更为伟大的一种德性。幸运是《旧约》中的福祉;厄运是《新约》中的福祉;而厄运所带来的福祉更大，所诏示的上帝底恩惠更为明显。然而即在《旧约》之中，如谛听大卫底琴音，就一定可以听见与欢颂一般多的哀歌;并且圣灵的画笔在形容约伯底苦难上比在形容所罗门底幸福上致力得多了。幸运并非没有许多的恐惧与烦恼;厄运也并非没有许多的安慰与希望。 在针工与刺绣中， 我们常见，若在一片阴沉的底子上安排一种漂亮的花样， 比在一片浅色的底子上安排一种暗郁的花样悦目得多; 从这眼中的乐趣上推断心中的乐趣罢。 无疑地， 美德如名香，经燃烧或压榨而其香愈烈，盖幸运最能显露恶德而厄运最能显露美德也。
